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什么是记忆 ★
“记忆被定义为保留知识的能力。”
“Memory is defined as the ability to retain knowledge.” (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2012, p.320)
它就像大脑中的信息处理器，通过编码，储存和检索这三个主要步骤来实现。这些步骤构成了记忆的正常运作，它们相互配合，且缺一不可。
It acts like an information processor in the brain and is implemented through three main steps: encoding, storing, and retrieving. These steps make up the normal functioning of the memory, theycooperate and are indispensable. \ | / ★
编码是记忆过程的开始。这个步骤是将大脑从外界接收到的信息，进行处理，并将其转换成可以存储的代码。它根据每个人的经验或想法，进一步增强特定记忆的细节。
Encoding is the beginning of the memory process. This step is to take the information that thebrain receives from the outside world, and then process it, and convert it into a code that can bestored. It further enhances the details of a particular memory, depending on each person’sexperiences or thoughts.
编码是记忆过程的开始。这个步骤是将大脑从外界接收到的信息，进行处理，并将其转换成可以存储的代码。它根据每个人的经验或想法，进一步增强特定记忆的细节。
Encoding is the beginning of the memory process. This step is to take the information that thebrain receives from the outside world, and then process it, and convert it into a code that can bestored. It further enhances the details of a particular memory, depending on each person’sexperiences or thoughts.
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存储阶段是一个保留记忆的过程。它通过“巩固”来保存记忆中的代码。这是因为有些信息在记忆的早期阶段就已经消失了，所以记忆巩固很重要。 巩固(consolidation) “是指长期记忆形成的神经生物学过程”。(How Memory Works | Psychology Today, n.d.)
The storage phase is a process to retain memory. It preservesthe code in memory through consolidation. This is becausesome information fades away in the early stages of memory, so memory consolidation is important. It “refers to theneurobiological process of long-term memory formation.” (How Memory Works | Psychology Today, n.d.)
检索是记忆的第三个阶段。它将从大脑中检索之前的编码和存储的代码或细节。有时，它的检索过程是无意识的，但通常在需要的时候会被搜索出来。
Retrieval is the third phase of memory. It will retrieve the previously encoded and stored codes or details from the brain. Sometimes, the process of its recall is unconscious, but it is usually retrieved when needed. \ | / ★ 在现实中，根据一世纪的研究发现，"记忆是一个多成分的(而不是一个单一的)实体"。(Foster, 2009) 记忆有许多不同的类型，它们大多数出现在日常生活中。主要是分为这三种主要的记忆形式:感官记忆，短期记忆和⻓期记忆。
In reality, “memory is a multicomponent (rather than a monolithic) entity.” (Foster, 2009), according to a century of research. There are many different types of memory. Most of them appearin daily life. The three main forms of memory presented include sensory memory, short-termmemory, and long-term memory.
感官记忆从各种感官中收集数据，如味觉和听觉。保留时间通常很短，它可以在短时间内储存大量的信息，但是大脑只会选择一部分进行处理。当然，感官记忆也可以保存很⻓一段时间。
Sensory memory gathers data from various senses, such as taste and hearing. The retention periodusually is brief, but it can store a large amount of information for a short period of time and thebrain will only select a portion for processing. Of course, sensory memories can also be preservedfor a long time. \ | / ★ 短期记忆指的是在短时间内保留信息。它通常储存那些不太重要或有时效性的记忆。你在经历了这些事情之后，可能会很快会忘记。
Short-term memory refers to the retention of information for a short time. It commonly storesmemories that are less important or time-sensitive. You will probably forget quickly after youexperience them.
⻓期记忆是指从感官记忆和短期记忆中获得的经验，事件，信息，情感，技能等的总和。当你⻓期坚持记忆并在脑海中反复思考时，短期记忆就会转化为⻓期记忆。其容量几乎是无限的。
Long-term memory is the sum of experiences, events, information, emotions, skills, etc., acquiredfrom sensory memory and short-term memory. Short-term memory will be converted to long-termmemory when you keep remembering it for a long time and thinking about it repeatedly in yourmind. Its capacity is almost unlimited.
总之，记忆就像是一种处理信息的方式。通过了解记忆的过程和类型，可以增强对大脑的认知和理解，这对学习也很有帮助。
In conclusion, memory is like a way of processing information. By understanding theprocess of memory and the types of memory, it seems to enhance the knowledge and understandingof the brain, which is useful for learning.
References:
参考文献: Foster, J. K. (2009). Memory : a very short introduction. Oxford University Press, Cop.How Memory Works | Psychology Today. (n.d.). Www.psychologytoday.com. https:// www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/how-memory-works
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