动物的呼吸方式 Breathing of Animals

地球上的生命都有一个共同的特点：自然界任何生物，包括植物、动物、微生物，都普遍存在呼吸现象，连最高级的生物人类也无法避免呼吸。在没有空气的太空，地球上的任何生命都无法生存。通常我们把呼吸作用分为两大类：一是有氧呼吸，二是无氧呼吸。通过这篇文章，我们主要来了解动物的有氧呼吸。在生物呼吸中，呼吸的方式主要有：腮呼吸、肺呼吸、皮膜呼吸。

All life on Earth has a common characteristic. Respiration is common for all living things in nature, including plants, animals and microorganisms. Even the most advanced creatures, human beings, cannot avoid breathing. No life on Earth can survive in space without air. Usually we divide respiration into two categories: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Through this article, we mainly understand the aerobic respiration of animals. In biological respiration, breathing modes mainly include: respiration of gill, lung respiration, skin membrane respiration.

动物通过呼吸方式的不同可以将动物种类分为：水生、哺乳、爬行、两栖和鸟类。

Animals can be divided into aquatic, lactating, reptilian, amphibious and avian species by their different ways of breathing.

水生动物

Aquatic Animals/

水生动物通常靠鳃呼吸；鳃是水生动物的皮肤向外延伸而成的专门用于气体交换的器官。各种动物鳃的形态并不相同，但有一个共同的特点，就是表面积很大。例如，淡水鱼的鳃生长在头部两侧的鳃弓上，左右各有四个，每一鳃含有两列鳃丝，每一鳃上各丝由顺序排列的鳃板组成。用鳃呼吸的动物都能自己制造水流，使鳃不断地与新鲜的水流相接触。

Aquatic animals usually breathe by gills. Strontium is an extension of the skin of aquatic animals specially used for gas exchange organ. All kinds of animals have different forms, but one common feature is a large surface area. For example, the strontium of the freshwater fish grows on the bow bow on both sides of the head, with four on the left and right, each of which contains two lines of bow filaments. The filaments on each carp are composed of sequential plates. Any animal that breathes with complaints can create its own stream of water so that its legs are constantly in contact with fresh water.

鱼的鳃位于咽的两侧，鳃盖关闭时，口张开，水从口流人咽，然后口关闭，鳃盖张开，口腔收缩，压迫水流过鳃，从鳃盖后缘流出。鱼在水中不断地做这种动作，一般人会误认为它们是在不停地喝水，其实它们是在不停地制造水流流过鳃，以进行呼吸。

Fish carp is located on both sides of the pharynx, when the strontium cover is closed, the mouth is open, the water flows from the mouth to the pharynx, and then the mouth is closed, the carp cover is open, the mouth is contracted, the water flows through the carp, and the water flow out from the back edge of the cover. When the fish keep doing this in the water, people will mistake them for drinking but they are actually making water flow through the carp to breathe.

哺乳动物

Mammals/

哺乳动物的肺内部有复杂的支气管树，支气管入肺后，一再分支，在最后微支气管的末端膨大成肺泡囊，囊内壁分成许多小室，每个小室称肺泡。肺泡的出现大大增加了肺和气体接触的总面积。哺乳类肺泡的总面积约为身体表面的50～100倍。

There are complex bronchial trees in the lungs of mammals. After entering the lungs, the bronchus branch again and again. At the end of the micronchus, the alveolar sacs are expanded. The appearance of alveoli greatly increased the total area of contact between the lungs and the gas. The total area of the alveoli in mammals is about 50to100 times the surface of the body.

两栖动物

Amphibians/

两栖类动物的呼吸方式是口咽式，那么什么是口咽式呼吸呢？

Amphibians breathe oropharyngite, so what is oropharyngeal breathing?

由于两栖动物没有胸廓，不能像其他陆生脊椎动物那样依靠胸廓的扩张把空气吸入肺部，只能用口含住空气，使劲咽下，让空气进入肺部。这种呼吸方式叫口咽式呼吸。同时两栖动物成体还可以用皮肤进行辅助呼吸。两栖动物的肺比较原始，具有一对囊状的肺，结构简单，肺内仅少数褶皱，呼吸面积小。肺缺少毛细血管，不能提供身体所需要的全部氧气，所以需要用皮肤下面的毛细血管直接与空气进行气体交换，叫皮肤呼吸。

Since amphibians don’t have thoracic galleries, they can’t rely on the expansion of thoracic galleries to breathe air into the lungs like other terrestrial vertebrates. They can only hold air in their mouths and swallow hard to let air enter the lungs. This type of breathing is called oropharyngeal breathing. Adult amphibians can also use their skin to help them breathe. Amphibian lung is relatively primitive, with a pair of cystic lungs, simple structure, only a few wrinkles in the lungs, small breathing area. The lack of capillaries in the lungs can not provide all the oxygen needed by the body, so it is necessary to use the capillaries under the skin to directly exchange gas with the air, called skin respiration.

爬行动物

Reptiles/

爬行动物的肺虽然和两栖类一样为囊状，但其内壁有复杂的间隔把内腔分隔成蜂窝状小室，与空气接触的面积大为扩大。肺的结构在不同的动物体内变异很大，最简单的形式仍为一囊，如各种蛇类；蜥蜴、龟和鳄类的支气管在肺内一再分支，使整个肺脏呈海绵状；避役类动物的肺前部内壁呈蜂窝状，称呼吸部，后部内壁平滑并且伸出若干个薄壁的气囊，称贮气部。爬行动物的成体既没有鳃呼吸，也没有皮肤呼吸。

The reptile lung, though as superficial as the amphibian lung, has complex compartments on the inner wall that divide the inner cavity into honeycomb chambers, greatly expanding the area of contact with the air. The structure of the lung varies greatly in different animals, the simplest form is still a sac, such as all kinds of snakes, lizards, turtles and crocodiles in the lung branch repeatedly, so that the whole lung is spongy; The front wall of the lung is honeycombs, called the respiratory part, and the back wall is smooth and extends a number of thin-waled gas meters, called the gas storage part. The adult reptile does not breathe with either carp or skin.

鸟类

Birds/

鸟类有特别的呼吸系统，表现在具有非常发达气囊和气管。气囊广布于内脏、骨腔和肌肉之间，这使鸟类在吸气及呼气过程中，肺内均有富含氧气的空气流过，在吸气和呼气时肺叶都能进行气体交换，是谓双重呼吸，从而提高鸟类的呼吸效率。鸟由鼻孔吸收空气后，一部分用来在肺里直接进行氧交换，另一部分是存入气囊，然后再经肺而排出，使鸟类在飞行时，一次吸气，肺部可以完成两次气体交换，这是鸟类特有的 “双重呼吸”。

Birds have a special respiratory system, manifested in a very developed air sac and trachea. Air sacs are widely spread in the viscera, bone cavity and muscle, which makes birds in the process of inhalation and exhalation, the lungs have oxygen-rich airflow, in the inhalation and exhalation of the lung lobe can carry out gas exchange, is called double breathing, so as to improve the birds’ efficiency of respiration. After birds absorb the air through the nostrils, part of it is used for oxygen exchange directly in the lung, and the other part is stored in the air sac and then discharged through the lung. When birds fly, they can complete two gas exchanges with one inhalation in the lungs, which is the unique “double breathing” of birds.

以上就是动物们的各种呼吸方式。

All above illustrate how animals breathe.

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