世界杯服用兴奋剂的人数远远低于其他运动的真相是...?

兴奋剂是对短时间能激发运动员潜能的药物的统称。它之所以会被抵制是因为这类药物全都有着严重伤害身体的副作用。它除了激发潜能的途径不仅包括了刺激器官，根据主要成分的不同，它其实有几大不同的途径，副作用也不同。

Doping is a general term for drugs that can stimulate the potential of athletes in a short period of time. It is resisted because all of these drugs have serious side effects that can harm the body. It can not only stimulate the potential by stimulating organs, but according to the difference between main chemical components, it actually also has several different means, therefore, the side effects are also different.

1

蛋白质激素类

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

这种药物主要是通过促进肾在低氧条件下会分泌的一种促红细胞生成素(EOP)来刺激骨干细胞制造红血球的途径来强化运动员的供氧系统。这类兴奋剂比较常出现于耐力型运动员，比如马拉松，自行车和越野滑雪等竞技中。EOP通常可以将他们的供氧增加到原来的百分之七到十。然而它的副作用是导致红血胞密度增加，这也意味着血液会变得粘稠的像蜂蜜而不是正常 人该有的液体，那么心脏就会超负荷运动来保持全身的供血需求，服用这类兴奋剂的运动 员面临着高度心脏病和中风的风险。

The drug strengthens the athlete's oxygen supply system by stimulating stem cells to make red blood cells by promoting a hormone called erythropoietin (EOP), which is secreted by the kidneys under hypoxic conditions. This type of stimulant has long appeared in endurance athletes, such as marathon, cycling and cross-country skiing. EOP can usually increase their oxygen supply by seven to ten percent. However, its side effect is to increase the density of red blood cells, which also means that the blood will become thick like honey instead of the liquid like normal people should have, and then the heart will be overloaded to maintain the blood supply needs of the whole body. Athletes who take this type of doping face a high risk of heart disease and stroke.

2

合成代谢类固醇

Anabolic Steroids

类固醇是从胆固醇衍生出来的一种化物质，合成代谢类固醇可以增强体魄。它主要通过刺激肌肉细胞和骨 骼细胞生成新的蛋白质来增加肌肉量。它的分子结构 和激素类似，因此类固醇会对性征器官们产生影响。简而言之，男性变女性，女性变男性。男性的副作用是脱发，胸部发育，不孕。女性的副作用是嗓音变粗，停经。

Steroids are chemical substances derived from cholesterol, and anabolic steroids can enhance the strength of the body. It increases muscle mass primarily by stimulating muscle cells and bone cells to make new proteins. Its molecular structure is similar to that of hormones, so the steroid affects the sex organs. In short, males become females, and females become males. Side effects in men are hair loss, breast development, and infertility. Side effects for women are thicker voice and menopause.

3

肾上激素类

Adrenaline

这类的兴奋剂主要是由咖啡因，可卡因和安非他命组成。它主要是刺激垂体腺(ACTH)分泌促肾上腺皮质激素来帮助运动员提高心脏供血功效和提高肺部呼吸。但副作用就是神经紧张，颤抖，高血压，筋挛，猝死等。

This class of stimulants is mainly composed of caffeine, cocaine and amphetamines. It mainly stimulates the pituitary gland (ACTH) to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone to help athletes improve heart blood supply and lung breathing. But the side effects are nervousness, tremor, high blood pressure, cramps, sudden death and so on.

不管哪类兴奋剂都对人体有着不可逆转的伤害，它们的主要功能都是通过压迫身体局部器官的工作量来强化身体机能，而这种改变必将导致身体的平衡遭到破坏，实际上它 其实就是相当于透支身体来达到一时间的提升，可这样非常容易触发身体对药物的长期依赖，因为身体自身原有的功能已经被破坏，无法自主运作了。

No matter what kind of dopes have irreversible damage to the human body, their main function is to strengthen the body's functions by oppressing the workload of the body's local organs, and this change will inevitably lead to the destruction of the body's balance. In fact, it is equivalent to overdrawing the body to achieve a temporary improvement, but this is very easy to trigger the body's long-term dependence on drugs, because the body's original functions have been destroyed and cannot operate independently.

而足球这种竞技比赛，加上中场休息至少105分钟，这里面还没包括处理中途发生意外事故的时间。而单场比赛就有45分钟，这是任何其他竞技项目都无法比拟的。根据之前介绍的兴奋剂里面，主流的刺激身体类兴奋剂只能在短时间激发潜能，并不适合足球这类运动。增强肌肉类根据外表的变化就能被分辨出来，也早已经被主流淘汰。

For a competitive game like soccer, plus the break of at least 105 minutes, this does not include the time for dealing with accidents in the middle. And there are 45 minutes per round, which is longer than most other events. According to the dopes introduced earlier, the mainstream body-stimulating doping can only stimulate the potential in a short period of time, and are not suitable for soccer. Muscle enhancement can be distinguished by changes in appearance, and already has been eliminated by the mainstream.

对于长时间跨度的比赛，听起来提高供氧类的听起来最适合足球运动，但长时间的比赛就意味着需要服用大量的兴奋剂才能保证全程的高机动状态，可高血容比的危险性也 接踵而至。EOP会导致血液的黏稠度会增加血管的阻力，加大心脏的负荷(28,60)，当血容比大于30%，血液的黏稠度会呈指数上升(35)，当大于 55%时会影响运动表现及健康。血容比过高容易造成血栓，如中风或心肌梗塞，也会引起静脉小血管血流停滞与血栓，导致深部静脉血栓与肺栓塞 。

For long-term games, it sounds like the one with increased oxygen supply sounds the most suitable for soccer, but long-term game means that it needs to take a high amount of doping to ensure a high mobility state throughout the whole process, which can be used for high hematocrit Danger ensues. EOP will cause blood viscosity to increase the resistance of blood vessels and increase the load on the heart (28,60). When the blood volume ratio is greater than 30%, the blood viscosity will increase exponentially (35). When it is greater than 55%, it will affect sports performance and health. Excessive blood volume ratio can easily cause thrombosis, such as stroke or myocardial infarction, and it can also cause blood flow stagnation and thrombus in small veins, leading to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

所以在一系列奥运项目中，在足球这项运动中服用兴奋剂的性价比是最低的。他们服用兴奋剂就意味着要承担远比其他运动还要险恶的副作用，和因为大量兴奋剂极其难代谢掉，从而非常容易被发现的风险。

Therefore, among a series of Olympic events, the cost-effectiveness of doping in soccer is the lowest. Taking doping means that they have to bear side effects that are far more sinister than other sports, and because a large amount of stimulants are extremely difficult to metabolize, they are also facing the high risk of being discovered.

兴奋剂最早可以追溯到1900年代，早在那时某些运动员为了取得好成绩，就会利用酒精类混合饮料来刺激中枢神经。到了20世纪，运动员为了提高成绩而服用的药物种类也越来越丰富。

Doping can be traced back to the 1900s, when some athletes used alcoholic mixed drinks to stimulate the central nervous system in order to achieve good results. In the 20th century, athletes took an ever-increasing variety of performance-enhancing drugs.

不过正所谓的道高一尺，魔高一丈。随着国际体育组织对兴奋剂的强烈打击，我们的检测技术也在不断地更新和进步。我们的检测专家现如今用着非常先进和精密的仪器，就连每毫米尿含两纳克的药物代谢残留物都无法逃过仪器的检测。

With the strong crackdown on doping by international sports organizations, our detection technology is constantly updated and improved. Our detection experts are now equipped with very advanced and sophisticated instruments, and even drug metabolism residues containing two nanograms per millimeter of urine cannot escape the detection of the instruments.

所以说在足球竞技这门体育项目中，反而越热门的选手越难出现服用兴奋剂的新闻。

Therefore, in the sport of football competition, the more popular players are, the harder it is to have the news of doping.

Works Cited

Mayo Clinic Staff. “Learn about the Risks of Performance-Enhancing Drugs.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 10 Dec. 2022,

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/performance-enhancing-drugs/art-20046134.

Wilens, Timothy E. “Stimulants and Sudden Death: What Is a Physician to Do? .” Publications.aap.org, 1 Sept. 2006,

https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/118/3/1215/69310/Stimulants-and-Sudden-Death-What-Is-a-Physician-to.

Maier, Larissa J., et al. “To Dope or Not to Dope: Neuroenhancement with Prescription Drugs and Drugs of Abuse among Swiss University Students.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, 13 Nov. 2013,

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077967.

Reardon, Claudia L, and Shane Creado. “Drug Abuse in Athletes.” Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 14 Aug. 2014,

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140700/.

Perishable. “Blood Doping and EPO: An Anti-Doping FAQ: USADA.” U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), USADA, 3 Jan. 2020,

https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/education/blood-doping-epo-faq/.

Hsieh, A. C. L., et al. “Role of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Chemical Regulation of Heat Production.” American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, 1 Aug. 1957,

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.190.2.243.

KUHN, CYNTHIA M. “Anabolic Steroids - Endocrine Society.” Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, CYNTHIA M. KUHN,

https://www.endocrine.org/~/media/endosociety/files/ep/rphr/57/rphr_vol_57_ch_19_anabolic_steroids.pdf.

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