Autism Spectrum Disorder自闭症谱系障碍

"自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种由大脑差异引起的发育障碍。"(Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention,2020) 谱系是一系列不同种类的自闭症。然而，自闭症从何而来的问题还未得到充分的解答，但科学家研究发现，自闭症在出生前就已经发病。

“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability caused by differences in thebrain.” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020) Spectrum is a range of different kinds ofautisms. However, the question of “where autism comes from” has not been fully answered, but thescientists have studied that the autism had its onset before birth.

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自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)主要有三种主要特征。虽然每位患者的性格或家庭环境等都有所不同，但是其核心是有着共通性的。

There are three main characteristics of ASD. Although each patient’s specific personality orfamily environment are different, there are commonalities at their core.

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第一个核心特征与交互性社交互动有关。具体表现为孤独，不知如何社交，喜欢沉浸在自己的世界里。当然这些也不足够说明问题。严重的表现是一缺乏与其他同龄人的交流。他们通常表现得很孤僻，与他人疏远。但这些都不是他们的真实想法。他们无法理解沟通，因此表现出对社交的无能。

The first core feature is related to interactive social interaction. The specific manifestation isloneliness, do not know how to socialize, and preference for immersing oneself in one’s own world.Of course, these are not enough. A serious manifestation is the lack of communication with otherpeers. They usually act withdrawn and detached from others. But these are not what they really think or want. They are unable to understand communication and thus manifest their socialincompetence.

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第二个特征与交流有关。交流是由文字，语言(声音)，和一些表情与动作组成。一些自闭症患者所表现出来的是可以沟通，但学说话迟，且无法表达情感。同时一些自闭症患者表达流利，但不喜欢与人交流。因为交流是双向的，发送信息和接受信息都需要工作，否则无法正常交流。所以大部分患者无法进行正常交流。

The second feature is related to communication. Communication is made up of words,languages (voice),and some expressions and gestures. Some people with autism exhibit the abilityto speak, but are late in learning to speak and do not express emotions. Also some people withautism are fluent in expression but do not like to interact with others. Because communication is atwo-way street, sending and receiving information both need to work and if one part does notfunction properly, then communication is not possible. So most patients are unable to communicateproperly.

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第三个特征是刻板和重复性活动。这属于极端特征。患者会重复自己的兴趣爱好，表现的固执与执着。他们会日复一日做一样的事，当然这些特征在⻓大后会因为学习和经历等而得到缓解，所以这些事情大多发生在孩童时期。

The third feature is stereotyped andrepetitive activities. This belong to the extreme feature. The patients will repeat their interests and behave stubbornly and persistently. They will dothe same things day in and day out, and of course these traits will be mitigated as they grow up bylearning and experiences, etc., so most of these things happen as children.

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自闭症这种发育障碍可以通过一些治疗来改善情况，不过无法完全治愈。这些治疗也需要家庭的支持，为自闭症的孩子们提供良好的教育，那么这样才有可能得到改善。

ASD, this developmental disorder can be improved with some treatment, although it can notbe fully treated. The treatments also need the support of families to provide a good education forchildren with autism, then this will make improvement possible.

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