SDGs 发表于 2023-7-16 11:34

《古文献学讲义》笔记5:目录学-子部 第1-9节

<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><section style="text-indent: 2em;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 11px;height: 16px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -7.1px;margin-bottom: -5.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;width: 100%;padding: 0px 6px 0px 11px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 16px;height: 4px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-start;z-index: 1;margin-left: 18px;margin-bottom: 1px;background: #ffffff;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px);padding: 16px 3px 16px 14px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="font-size: 14px;font-family: PingFangSC-Medium, 'PingFang SC';font-weight: bold;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 20px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong style="font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">本次大纲(</strong><span style="font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">目录学·子部&nbsp;第1-9节)</span></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第一节 概说</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第二节 先秦诸子</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第三节 汉魏以下议论</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第四节 理学</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第五节 考证之学</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第六节 法律</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第七节 军事</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第八节 农艺工技</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">第九节 医药</p></section></section><section style="width: 31px;height: 4px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-end;margin-right: 31px;margin-top: -8.1px;margin-bottom: 4px;background: #ffffff;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">目录学·子部&nbsp;第1-9节</span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第一节&nbsp;概说</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">一.</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">怎样讲子部</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)《四库提要》中的子部分类:儒家、兵家、法家、农家、医家、天文算法、术数、艺术、谱录、杂家、类书、小说家、释家、道家十四类</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)本书的子部分类:先秦诸子、汉魏以下议论、理学、考证之学</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这四类是我国学术的主流</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、法律、军事、农艺工技、医药、天文算法、术数、谱录</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这七类都是技术性质或带有技术性质的东西</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、艺术、小说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这二类都是属于今天的文艺领域</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、佛道</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这一类是宗教</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、杂抄、类书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这二类性质相近</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、丛书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这一类按习惯仍放在子部的最后</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.主要参考书:</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">吕诚之师的《经子解题》</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:注意真伪问题,论诸子书时进而辨析到篇章。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)罗根泽《古史辨》第四册和第六册</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:有参考价值</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)钱穆《先秦诸子系年》</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:研究先秦诸子的必备参考书</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)吕诚之《吕著中国通史》</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">内容:宋明理学和清人考证之学</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(五)《算经七书》</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">注本:近人钱宝琮的校点序和提要都比较好</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(六)陈垣《中国佛教史籍概论》</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第二节 先秦诸子</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.儒家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)孔子在鲁国创立儒家并非偶然:</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">孔子的先人本是宋国贵族,殷商文化本远高于周,又因为春秋时</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“周礼尽在鲁矣”,故而孔子受到了良好的文化熏陶,并创立儒家。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">《论语》、《孟子》见经部,此处只讲《荀子》、《晏子春秋》。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">《荀子》二十卷三十二篇</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(1)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">作者:《荀子》三十二篇并非都是他的作品。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师在《经子解题》中曾指出</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“先秦诸子,大抵不自著书。今其书之存者,大抵治其学者所为;而其纂辑,则更出于后之人。书之亡佚既多,辑其书者,又未必通其学(即谓好治此学,然既无师授,即无从知其书之由来,亦无从正其书之真伪;即有可疑者,亦不得不过而存之矣),不过见讲此类学术之书共有若干,即合而编之,而取此中学派中最有名之人,题之曰某子云耳。然则某子之标题,本不过表明学派之词,不谓书即其人所著,与集部书之标题为某某集者,大不相同。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(2)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">内容:</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">①《经子解题》归纳其宗旨有八端:“曰法后王,见《不苟》《非相》《儒效》《王制》诸篇。曰主人治,见《王制》《君道》《致士》诸篇。曰群必有分,见《王制》《富国》诸篇。日性恶,见《荣辱》《性恶》诸篇。曰法自然,见《天论》《解蔽》诸篇。曰正名,见《正名》篇。此外攻击儒、墨、名、法与权谋诸家之语,散见《非十二子》《儒效》《王霸》《君道》《议兵》《强国》《正论》《乐论》诸篇。”</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">②书于诸家皆有诘难,语其宗旨,实与法家最近,而又蒙儒家之面目者也。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)篇章真伪问题:胡适《中国哲学史大纲上卷》、梁启超《要籍解题及其读法》中的《荀子》部分、《古史辨》第六册所载张西堂《荀子劝学篇冤词》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:旧有唐杨倞注、清王先谦撰《荀子集解》(常用)</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《晏子春秋》内篇六卷、外篇二卷。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:晏婴</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">此书是后人记述其言行。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:撰写此书者之倾向儒家</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">并非晏婴即是儒家。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)两种假托先秦儒家的伪书:</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《孔子家语》十卷四十四篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">曹魏王肃注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:王肃伪造的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">假托孔子十二世孙孔安国所编集。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)篇章真伪问题:清孙志祖撰《家语疏证》六卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">范家相撰《家语证伪》十一卷,采用阎若璩、惠栋辨《伪古文尚书》的办法</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">一一揭出其剿袭什么书什么篇章。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《孔丛子》七卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋宋咸注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:说前六卷是孔子八世孙孔鲋所撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">末卷《连丛子》为西汉武帝时孔臧所撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其实也出于伪造。罗及孟心史均推测伪造者也是王肃。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)篇章真伪问题:《古史辨》第四册所收罗根泽《孔丛子探源》、心史</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">孟森</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《臧耳辨——为</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">孔丛子</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">书作伪之证》、钱穆《先秦诸子系年·孔丛载孔子顺事迹辨》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《孔子集语》十七卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清孙星衍撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:广搜先秦两汉以下古籍中有关孔子言行的记述</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">分劝学、孝本等十四篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:从其中可看到圣化神化了的孔子是何种模样</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">对了解古人的思想意识有用处。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.墨家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《墨子》七十一篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">今传本已亡失十八篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》指出</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“墨家宗旨:日尚贤,曰尚同,曰兼爱,曰天志,非攻,曰节用,曰节葬,曰明鬼,曰非乐,曰非命。今其书除各本篇外,《法仪》则论天志,《七患》《辞过》为节用之说,《三辨》亦论非乐,《公输》阐非攻之旨,《耕柱》《贵义》《鲁问》三篇皆杂记墨子之言。此外《经上、下》《经说上、下》《大、小取》六篇为名家言,今所谓论理学也。《备城门》以下诸篇为古兵家言,墨翟非攻而主守,此其守御之术也。《非儒》《公孟》两篇专诘难儒家,而《修身》《亲士》《所染》三篇实为儒家言。”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:清孙诒让撰《墨子间诂》十五卷《经》《经说》等名学部分有胡适《中国哲学史大纲上卷》及梁启超《墨经校释》</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三.法家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)讲法和讲术的渊流:讲法的李克、吴起、商鞅,讲术的申不害,集大成的韩非。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)为什么魏、韩等三晋之地孕育出法家?</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">因为晋国在春秋时就尽杀公室之子</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“自是晋无公族”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">领主制早受打击的缘故。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">关于法术的著作:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《商君书》五卷二十六篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其中又缺失两篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:商鞅身后战国时法家所作。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">罗根泽《商君书探源》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,考证其“成于战国之末”,“必作于秦人或客卿为秦谋者之手”,可备一说。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:全书宗旨</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">尽于一民于农战一语</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)篇章真伪问题:是古书。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:精义虽不逮《管》《韩》之多</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">可考古制及古代社会情形处颇多</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦可贵也</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:近人朱师辙撰《商君书解诂定本》</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《慎子》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《汉书·艺文志》著录四十二篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">今传本止残存《威德》《因循》等五篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清严可均又有增辑之本。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:慎子</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:其学实合道、法为一家</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《韩非子》二十卷五十五篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:《韩非子》一书自不尽出韩非之手。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">容肇祖《韩非子的著作考》的观点:</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">1)确为韩非所作者《五蠹》《显学》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">2)从学说上推证为韩非所作者《难势》《问辩》《诡使》《六反》《心度》《难一》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">3)黄老或道家言混入于《韩非子》书中者《解老》《喻老》《主道》《扬权》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">4)纵横或游说家言混入于《韩非子》书中者《初见秦》《说难》《内储说上七术》《内储说下六微》《外储左上》《外储左下》《外储说右上》《外储说右下》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">5)他家言法可确定为不是韩非所作者《有度》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">6)与韩非有关系的记载因而混入《韩非子》书中者《存韩》《问田》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">7)司马迁指为韩非所作而未可遽信者《孤愤》《说林上》《说林下》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">8)文著非名似尚有可疑者《难言》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">9)似是韩非所作而后段搀杂他人之文者《奸弑臣》;</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">10)是否韩非之文疑未能定而又无充分证据者《爱臣》《二柄》《八奸》《十过》《和氏》《亡征》《三守》《备内》《南面》《饰邪》《观行》《安危》《守道》《用人》《功名》《大体》《定法》《说疑》《八说》《八经》《忠孝》《人主》《饰令》《制分》。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:有旧注不知谁作、清王先慎《韩非子集解》二七卷(常用)、近人陈奇猷《韩非子集释》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">识者谓不尽美善。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《管子》二十四卷八十六篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其中十篇有目无书。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:西汉时人把临淄稷下学士及齐地其他学人著作汇编而成。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">罗根泽《管子探源》对各篇作者逐一作了推断</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">“一、‘经言’九篇:《牧民》第一,战国政治思想家作。《形势》第二,亦战国政治思想家作。《权修》第三,秦汉间政治思想家作。《立政》第四,战国末政治思想家作。《乘马》第五,战国末政治思想家作。《七法》第六,战国末为孙吴、申韩之学者所作。《版法》第七,似亦战国时人作。《幼官》第八,秦汉间兵阴阳家作。《幼官图》第九,汉以后人作。外言’八篇:《五辅》第十,战国政治思想家作。《宙合》第十一,战国末阴阳家作。《枢言》第十二,战国末法家缘道家为之。《八观》第十三,西汉文景后政治思想家作。《法禁》第十四,《法法》第十六,并战国法家作。《重令》第十五,秦末汉初政治思想家作。《兵法》第十七,秦汉兵家作。三、‘内言’九篇:《大匡》第十八,战国人作。《中匡》第十九,疑亦战国人作。《小匡》第二十,汉初人作。《王言》第二十一,亡,疑战国中世以后人作。《霸形》第二十二,《霸言》第二十三,并战国中世后政治思想家作。《问》第二十四,战国政治思想家作。《谋失》第二十五,亡,无考。《戒》第二十六,战国末调和儒道者作。四、‘短语’十八篇:《地图》第二十七,最早作于战国中世。《参患》第二十八,汉文景以后人作。《制分》第二十九,疑战国兵家作。《君臣上》第三十,《君臣下》第三十一,并战国末政治思想家作。《小称》第三十二,战国儒家作。《四称》第三十三,疑亦战国人作。《正言》第十四,亡,无考。《侈靡》第三十五,战国末阴阳家作。《心术上》第三十六,《心术下》第三十七,《白心》第三十八,并战国中世以后道家作。《水地》第三十九,汉初医家作。《四时》第四十,《五行》第四十一,并战国末阴阳家作。《势》第四十二,战国末兵阴阳家作。《正》第四十三,战国末杂家作。《九变》第四十四,疑战国以后人作。五、‘区言’五篇:《任法》第四十五,《明法》第四十六,并战国中世后法家作。《正世》第四十七,《治国》第四十八,并汉文景后政治思想家作。《内业》第四十九,战国中世以后混合儒道者作。六、‘杂篇’十三篇:《封禅》第五十,汉司马迁作。《小问》第五十一,辑战国关于管仲之传说而成。《七臣七主》第五十二,战国末政治思想家作。《禁藏》第五十三,战国末至汉初杂家作。《人国》第五十四,《九守》第五十五,《桓公问》第五十六,并疑战国末年人作。《度地》第五十七,汉初人作。《地员》第五十八,疑亦汉初人作。《弟子职》第五十九,疑汉儒家作。《言昭》第六十,《修身》第六十一,《问霸》第六十二,并亡,无考七、‘管子解’五篇:并战国末秦未统一前杂家作。八、‘轻重’十八篇,并汉武昭时理财学家作。”</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》所说则颇有出入</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,均可参考。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:房玄龄注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">当出唐人尹知章手</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">浅陋不足取。《管子集校》郭沫若取闻一多、许维遹旧稿加工成书。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">四.名家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)《邓析子》一卷二篇。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">作者:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》谓其书</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">“有采掇先秦古书处,又有后人以己意窜人处,核其词意,似系南北朝人所为。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">缺点:无甚可观</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)《尹文子》一卷二篇。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:吕诚之师《经子解题》说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“此书言名法之义颇精</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">然文甚平近。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)篇章真伪问题:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》说</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“《群书治要》引此书,上篇题《大道》,下篇题《圣人》,与今本不合,则今本尚定于唐以后也。”“上篇盖《汉志》之旧,其文字平近处,则后人所改。下篇由杂集而成,盖后人所附益,非汉时所有。”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)《公孙龙子》一卷六篇。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:《汉书·艺文志》说是“赵人”。《古史辨》第六册收有郑宾于《公孙龙考》、王琯《公孙龙事辑》和《读公孙龙子叙录》、钱穆撰《惠施公孙龙》及《先秦诸子系年》中对孙龙事迹均有考证。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:此书虽亦难通</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">然既非若《墨经》之简奥</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">又非如《庄》《列》之零碎</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">实可宝也。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:陈嗣古、贾士隐两注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">皆不传。宋谢希深注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">全系门外语</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">绝无足观。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;">没有注本。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">五.兵家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)北宋神宗元丰时颁布武学必读的《武经七书》:《孙子》《吴子》《六韬》《司马法》《三略》《尉缭子》《李卫公问对》。其中自以《孙子》最为重要。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)相关著作:</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《孙子》三卷十三篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:今本《孙子》是战国时的书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">作者可能是本名孙武的孙膑</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也可能是其他高水平的兵家。详见:南宋叶适《习学记言》、清全祖望《鲒埼亭集》、姚鼐《惜抱轩集》、钱穆《先秦诸子系年》的“孙武辨”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:旧注有曹操所注和曹操等十一家所注两种</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">都有宋本传世。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《吴子》一卷六篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">传为吴起撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:传为吴起。此《吴子》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">梁启超《中国近三百年学术史》认为“大约西汉人伪撰”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">姚鼐则认为伪撰还在汉以后。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《尉缭子》五卷二十四篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:传为尉缭。钱氏认为其书“殆秦宾客之所为</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">而或经后人之羼乱者”。作于汉初或更前。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《六韬》六卷</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:今本《六韬》确是西汉初年上至战国兵家所作。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《隋书</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">·经籍志》有《太公六韬》,说是“周文王师姜望撰”,当然不真实。南宋王应麟《汉书艺文志考证》引唐氏所说:“春秋以前中国未有骑战,计必起于战国之时。今《六韬》言骑战最详,决非太公所作,当出于孙、吴之后。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《司马法》一卷五篇</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:《隋书·经籍志》有《司马兵法》三卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">谓“齐将司马穰苴撰”。今本尚系汉代之书乃司马穰苴以后的战国兵家所作</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不一定即是穰苴本人所撰写。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">6.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《黄石公三略》三卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦称《三略》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:此《三略》文义不古</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">应出魏晋以后人伪造。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">7.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《李卫公问对》三卷</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:《郡斋读书志》《直斋书录解题》都认为是北宋时阮逸用杜佑《通典》所述附益伪造。黄永年:北宋人所为</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">并非李靖自撰。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">六.道家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)道家之称实起于战国末年以至西汉初年</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是当时活动在齐国高密、胶西带黄老之学的别称。见胡适《中国中古思想小史》和《中国中古思想史长编》。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)相关著作:</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《老子》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦称《道德经》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:《古史辨》第四册、第六册收集了十五篇看法各不相同的文章</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">第六册罗根泽自序中更列举了十九家的看法。《老子》书产生在战国已渐成多数学人的共识。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:“汉文帝时河上公注”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是汉以后人伪托</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">曹魏王弼注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">今均通行易得。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《文子》十二卷十二篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:战国时假托于文子的著作</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)真伪问题:今本《文子》实即《汉书·艺文志》著录的《文子》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">它是战国时假托于文子的著作</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是战国时的道家著作。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:有唐人徐灵府的注和南宋人杜道坚《文子缵义》</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《庄子》十卷三十三篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西晋郭象注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:《庄子》和《老子》的宗旨并不一致。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》在</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">“老子”篇中指出:“《汉志》所谓道家者流,其学实当分二派:一切委心任运,乘化以待尽,此派也,现存之书,《庄》《列》为其代表。秉要执本,清虚以自守,卑弱以自持,此一派也,现存之书,以《老子》为最古。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)真伪问题:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:吕诚之《经子解题》对各篇做了解题,大有帮助。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:郭象注、唐成玄英《南华真经注疏》、清郭庆藩《庄子集释》、刘文典撰《庄子补正》、钱穆撰《庄子纂义》</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《鹖冠子》三卷十九篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋陆佃注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)真伪问题:《鹖冠子》出于战国时,是古书。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《列子》八卷八篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东晋张湛注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:今本八篇者实是张湛所伪造。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)真伪问题:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》指出</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“佛经初入中国时,原有以其言与老、庄相参者,一以为同,一以为异,两派颇有争论。湛盖亦以佛与老、庄之道为可通,乃伪造此书,以通两者之邮也。其云庄子、慎到等多称其言,盖即湛造此书时所取材。清汪继培谓后人依釆诸子而稍附益之’,最得其实。然此固不独《列子》,凡先秦诸子,大都不自著书,其书皆后人采掇而成,采掇时岂能略无增益,特其书出有早晚耳。故此书中除思想与佛经相同,非中国所固有者外,仍可认为古书。”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》指出</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“此书大旨与《庄子》相类,精义不逮《庄子》之多,而其文较《庄子》易解,殊足与《庄子》相参证(读《庄子》不能解者,先读此书最好)。”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:唐卢重元注本、近人杨伯峻《列子集释》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">搜集资料颇详备。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">七.杂家</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)《尸子》</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">真伪问题:均认为至少其中有后人依托部分。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》则认为</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“此书盖亦如《吕览》,兼各家而偏于儒。其文极朴茂…今虽阙佚已甚,然单词碎义,足以取证经子者,实属指不胜屈。”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)《吕氏春秋》二十六卷二十六篇。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">内容:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《史记</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">·吕不韦传》谓“不韦使其客人人著所闻,集论以为八览、六论、十二纪,号曰《吕氏春秋》。”</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师又说</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“此书虽称杂家,然其中儒家言实最多。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">真伪问题:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》说</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“此书篇数,实止廿六。今诸览、论、纪又各分为若干篇,亦后人所为,非不韦书本然。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:吕诚之《经子解题》对各篇做了解题。《古史辨》第六册收有刘汝霖《吕氏春秋之分析》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">分析儒、道、墨、法、名、阴阳、纵横、农、小说、兵各家言论分别见于某篇某目</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦可参考。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">注本:清毕沅《吕氏春秋新校正》、近人许维遹《吕氏春秋集释》</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)《淮南子》二十一卷二十一篇。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">作者:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《汉书</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">·淮南王刘安传》,说刘安“招致宾客方术之土数千人,作为内书二十一篇,外书甚众,又有中篇八卷,言神仙黄白之术,亦二十余万言”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">内容:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">东汉末高诱注此书的叙中说</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:“鸿,大也,烈,明也,以为大明道之言也。”又说:“其旨近《老子》,淡泊无为,蹈虚守静。”</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》更指出</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">“《淮南》虽号杂家,然道家言实最多,其意亦主于道,故有谓此书实可称道家言者”。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之推测</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">“今所指为道家言者,十九固儒家所有之义也。魏晋间人谈玄者率以《易》《老》并称,即其证”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:吕诚之《经子解题》对各篇做了解题。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">注本:许慎注、高诱注。今凡该卷题下注语无“因以题篇”四字的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">都是许慎注,有这四字的都是高诱注。刘文典《淮南鸿烈集解》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是公认的名著。通行善本是乾隆时庄逵吉据钱坫所校刊刻的二十一卷本。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第三节 汉魏以下议论</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.汉魏人议论</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)解释</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“汉魏人议论”这一标题:把过去列入儒家以及所谓杂家的书简单讲几种。这些所谓儒家的书有些已渗人了道、墨、阴阳、名、法之说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">因此不必再分儒和杂</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">用汉魏以下议论作标题便可以。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)相关著作:</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《新语》二卷十二篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西汉陆贾撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:奉汉高祖之命</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“粗述存亡之征”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)真伪问题:并非伪书,《四库提要》是不对的,余嘉锡已予以批驳。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:可作为研究汉初政治思想之用。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《新书》十卷五十六篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西汉贾谊撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)真伪问题:并非伪书。《直斋书录解题》和《四库提要》都怀疑是后人取《汉书·贾谊传》中文字</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">割裂颠倒编成的伪书是不对的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">余嘉锡《四库提要辨证》也作了批驳。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:了解贾谊的政治思想的重要文献。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《盐铁论》十卷六十篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西汉桓宽撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:汉昭帝时文学、贤良与桑弘羊辩论是否要国营盐铁等问题</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:是研究西汉社会经济、财政政策的第一等文献。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《新序》十卷四篇、《说苑》二十卷二十篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西汉刘向撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)作者:这都是旧有其书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">刘向为之整理增益而成的</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:以记述先秦时人的言行为多</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">研究历史有用。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《法言》十三卷十三篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西汉扬雄撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">晋李轨注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:其书全模仿《论语》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">研究思想史有用。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:近人汪荣宝撰有《法言义疏》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">6.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《论衡》三十卷八十五篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉王充撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:《论衡》是中国思想史上的重要文献。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:近人黄晖撰《论衡校释》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">刘盼遂撰《论衡集解》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">均有助于研读此书。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">7.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《潜夫论》十卷三十六篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉王符撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:关于东汉时学术思想的文献。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:清汪继培撰有《潜夫论笺》</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">8.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《申鉴》五卷五篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉荀悦撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:是有用的政治思想史资料</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)注本:通行明黄省曾注本。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">9.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《中论》二卷二十篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">曹魏徐幹撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:也是政治思想史的资料。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">10.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《人物志》三卷十二篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">曹魏刘邵撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西凉刘昞注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)优点:这是我国古代惟一的人才学专著</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是研究彼时学术思想的重要文献。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.南北朝隋人议论</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《金楼子》十卷十五篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">梁元帝萧绎撰</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:此书涉及面广</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是研究其时社会、文化以至政治的有用资料</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)《颜氏家训》七卷二十篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北齐颜之推撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:书中涉及面广</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">可借以了解其时士大夫的生活心态以及社会习俗。旧社会读者颇多,今天也是一部值得阅读的古代名著。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)《中说》十卷十篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也叫《文中子》或《文中子中说》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">旧题隋王通撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">有北宋阮逸注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">作者:由通子福畤缀集语言</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">加以附会而成。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">优点:模仿《论语》,是可供研究的学术思想文献。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第四节 理学</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.周敦颐张载邵雍。</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)理学发展的三个阶段(据吕思勉)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">周敦颐、张载、邵雍</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">为创建一种新宇宙观、新人生观</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦即创建一种新哲学之人物。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">程颢、程颐</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">始注重于实行方法</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">至朱熹、陆九渊而分为两派。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">依辩证法之进步</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">至王守仁又合两派之长而去其短。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)相关著作:</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《太极图说》一卷、《通书》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋周敦颐撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:假定宇宙之本体为太极</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">循环动静而生水、火、木、金、土五种物质</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">人亦系此五种物质所构成而有智、礼、仁、义、信</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">要仁义而不离乎中正</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《正蒙》二卷、《西铭》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋张载撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:以气为万物的原质</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">主张变化人之气质</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">以求合乎义理。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《皇极经世书》十二卷、《观物内外篇》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋邵雍撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:其说乃中国所谓术数之学</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">宗旨在于以物观物</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">尽除主观的见解</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">以冀发见客观的真理。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.二程朱熹陆九渊</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)程颢:主张</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“识得此理</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">以诚敬存之。”(《吕著中国通史》)</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:42px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">程颐:替程颢补充说</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“涵养须用敬</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">进学在致知。”(《吕著中国通史》)</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:42px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">陆九渊:以即物穷理为支离</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">要教人先发其本心之明。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:42px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">朱熹:赞成小程的朱熹。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)相关著作:</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《二程遗书》二十五卷、《附录》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">二程门人所记</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">朱熹编次。再加上《外书》十二卷、《文集》十二卷、《遗文》一卷、《附录》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">称《二程全书》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《朱子语类》一百四十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋黎靖德编。《晦庵先生朱文公集》一百卷、《续集》十一卷、《别集》十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">朱熹撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《象山先生全集》三十六卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">陆九渊撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《宋元学案》一百卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清黄宗羲撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">全祖望续补。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">)内容:为宋元理学家及其他学人撰写的学术性传记</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">并摘录其主要论著原文。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三.王守仁</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)王守仁的进步之处:</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《吕著中国通史》说</span>:“守仁以心之灵明为知,即人所以知善知恶,知是知非。此知非由学得;无论如何昏蔽,亦不能无存,所以谓之良知。……只怕明知之而不肯遵照良心去做。如此,便要在良知上用一番洗除障翳的功夫,此即谓之致知。……所以即物穷理,功夫亦仍是用在心上。而心当静止不动时,即使之静止不动,亦即是一种功夫。所以‘静处体悟,事上磨练’,二者均无所不可。程、朱的涵养须用敬,进学在致知,固然把道德和知识,分成两截。陆九渊要先发人本心之明,亦不过是把用功的次序倒转了,并没有能把二者合而为一。……所以理学从朱、陆到王,实是一个辩证法的进步。但人之性质,总是偏于一方面的,或喜逐事零碎用功夫,或喜先提挈-个大纲。所以王守仁之说,仍被认为近于陆九渊,并称为陆、王。”</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)著作:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">王守仁《王文成公全书》三十八卷。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">黄宗羲《明儒学案》六十二卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">体例相同</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋永嘉派和永康派</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《吕著屮国通史》认为“和朱、陆根本观念上</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">实无甚异同</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">所争只是程度问题</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">无关宏指”。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清代有颜元、李塨派</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“专讲实务</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">而反对在心上用功夫</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">几乎把宋学根本取消了……然颜、李的理论</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">实极浅薄”。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">江藩《宋学渊源记》一书便能略知理学在清代的情况。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第五节 考证之学</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.唐及唐以前人考证</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《白虎通义》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉班固撰。又名《白虎通》《白虎通德论》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">今传本作十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是其时今文经学的结晶。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">注本:清陈立撰有《白虎通义疏证》十二卷。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)《独断》二卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉蔡邕撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是讲述汉代制度的重要文献。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)《风俗通义》三十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋以来止有十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉应劭撰。考订汉代社会习俗有用</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(四)《古今注》三卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西晋崔豹撰。多属古代名物的考释。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(五)《中华古今注》三卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">后唐马缟撰。内容多有与《古今注》相同处</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">可作《古今注》校勘补充之用。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(六)《封氏闻见记》五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐封演撰。讲唐代的典章制度、风俗习尚、名胜古迹及时人的嘉言懿行之类。近人赵贞信有《封氏闻见记校注》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,1958</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">年中华书局本。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(七)《资暇集》三卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐李匡文撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">对了解古代社会习俗名物等有用</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(八)《刊误》二卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐李涪撰。所刊正多关涉古代制度习俗</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(九)《苏氏演义》十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐苏鹗撰。原本已佚失</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">修《四库全书》时从《永乐大典》搜辑编为二卷。与《资暇集》《刊误》等性质相同。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(十)《兼明书》五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐丘光庭撰。性质与《资暇集》《刊误》《苏氏演义》等相同。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.宋明人考证</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《梦溪笔谈》二十六卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">又《补笔谈》二卷、《续笔谈》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋沈括撰。这是如今公认的名著</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其中确有许多合乎自然科学的东西。近人胡道静撰《梦溪笔谈校证》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">最称详博。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)《容斋随笔》《续笔》《三笔》《四笔》各十六卷、《五笔》十卷南宋洪迈撰。考证广及经史百家</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">尤详于汉唐的史事故实</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">研究古代文史应浏览阅读。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)《习学记言》五十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋叶适撰。分经、诸子、史、文鉴四部分</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">多有敢于破除陈说的好见解</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">今天读之仍可受到启发。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(四)《愧郯录》十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋岳珂撰。多考证宋代制度。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(五)《困学纪闻》二十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋王应麟撰。考证面广</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">在清代极受推重</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清人注本中以翁元圻《困学纪闻注》为善。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(六)《少室山房笔丛》三十二卷《续集》十六卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">明胡应麟撰。广及经、史、诸子、小说、佛道</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其中《四部正讹》尤为从事古籍辨伪者重视。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三.清人考证</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《日知录》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清顾炎武撰。初刻八卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">身后门人潘耒刻通行本三十二卷。《日知录》不仅是单纯的考证书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">更是一部讲经世致用的著作。道光时黄汝成撰写了《日知录集释》。又乾隆时有人据遗稿编刻了《日知录之馀》。近人黄侃用旧抄本校出潘刻为避时忌而删改的文字条目撰写了《日知录校记》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">均可补三十二卷本之缺失。①</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)《十驾斋养新录》二十卷、《馀录》三卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清钱大昕撰。所考证遍及经义、小学、史学、职官、地理、姓氏、金石、诗文等多方面</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">虽不及《日知录》之有思想性</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦乾嘉学人中的高水平之作。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)《读书杂志》八十二卷、《馀志》二卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清王念孙撰。是读《逸周书》《战国策》《史记》《汉书》《管子》《墨子》等古籍的札记</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也是乾嘉学人中高水平之作</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">常为其后治这些古籍者所引用。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(四)《癸巳类稿》十五卷、《癸巳存稿》十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清俞正燮撰。这是俞氏的读书札记</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">俞氏学问博且极有见识</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">非同时汉学家之所能及。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(五)《东塾读书记》二十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">实仅写定刊刻十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清陈澧撰。陈氏时代晚</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">故已不拘乾嘉汉学之传统</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">用札记的形式考索各个时代学术的面貌</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">极受其后研治学术思想史者重视。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align:center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第六节 法律(之后所讲的都带有技术性质</span></strong><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">)</span></strong></p><p style="text-align:center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.审理案件的书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《宋提刑洗冤集录》五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋宋慈撰。讲如何检验</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">有“自缢”“溺死”“杀伤”等五十三个常见现象的条目</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是早期的法医学专书。已译成荷兰、英、法、德等国文字。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)《名公书判清明集》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋末年所编集的司法判词。原本卷数已不可知。有官吏、赋役、文事、户婚、人伦、人品、惩恶等七门九十九类</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是研究其时社会情态和法律实施的宝贵资料。福建人民出版社则出有《宋本名公书判清明集》的点校本。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第七节 军事</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.讲军事措置的书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《武经总要》前集二十卷后集二十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋曾公亮、丁度奉敕撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋仁宗康定中成书。今传本前集为制度、边防</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">后集为故事占候</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是记述古代军事设置包括各种武器的重要文献</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">还附上好些图</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">从其中可看到当时武器中使用火药的情况。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)《纪效新书》十八卷、《练兵实纪》九卷、《杂集》六卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">明戚继光撰。《纪效》撰于官浙江参将时</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《练兵》撰于以都督同知总理蓟州、昌平、保定三镇练兵事时</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">都是凭实际经验写成的军事训练专书。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第八节 农艺工技</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.讲农艺为主的书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《齐民要术》十卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">北魏贾思勰撰。讲农艺</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">附带讲了一点食品加工制造和其他手工业技术</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">最后讲了非中国所产的谷物蔬果</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">共九十二篇。这是仅存的完整的古农书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是研究我国古代农业以至古人饮食的重要依据。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《农书》三十六卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">元王祯撰。其书分</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">农桑通诀</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">农穀谱</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">农器图谱</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">三部分</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">为治农学史者所取资。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《农政全书》六十卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">明徐光启撰。体制与前二书大体相似</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但其中有六卷专讲</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">泰西水法</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">因为徐氏本是晚明时能引进西方科学技术的知名人士。最末附明嘉靖时王磐所撰《野菜谱》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">是备荒年救灾之书。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.以工技为主的书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《天工开物》三卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">每卷再分卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">共十八卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">明</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">末</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋应星撰。上卷讲农</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">中下卷讲工</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是研究明季科技水平的重要文献</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三.讲建筑的书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《营造法式》三十六卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋李诫撰。李诫在此书的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">总看详</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">中说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">计三百五十七篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">內四十九篇系于经史等群书中检寻考究</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其三百零八篇系自来相传经久可用之法</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">与诸作谙会工匠详悉讲究</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">。所绘图样</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">备极精密</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是记述我国古代建筑技术的惟一的重要文献。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第九节 医药</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><br></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.中医书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《黄帝内经素问》二十四卷八十一篇</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">又名《黄帝内经》或《黄帝素问》。此书和黄帝当然没有关系</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">而只是战国时人的作品</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但仍不失为我国现存的最早的医学理论书。它奠定了中医的理论基础</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是中医的经典之作。传本有唐王冰所作的注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其人事迹余嘉锡《四库提要辨证》尚未考得。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《灵枢经》十二卷八十一篇</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">又名《黄帝针经》。和黄帝无关</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但至迟亦是西汉时人所作。是现存的我国最早的针灸书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">中医的经典著作。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《注解伤寒论》十卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉张仲景撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西晋王叔和撰次</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">金成无己注。此书在《黄帝内经素问》的基础上又有所发展</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是现存最早的系统论述外感疾病的文献</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也是中医的经典之作。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.中药书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《神农本草经》等</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">但久已失传。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《经史证类备用本草》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋唐慎微撰。分药物为玉石、草、木、人、兽、禽、虫鱼、果、米谷、菜十大类</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">每种药物详记形状用途</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">并附了好些图。它不仅对研究药物有用</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">即研究动植矿物者也常利用。有许多品种今天仍被使用。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《本草纲目》五十二卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">明李时珍撰。这是在前此本草等药物书的基础上</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">再作调查研究然后写成的药物学巨著。也是分类记述</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">在每种药物之下</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">写有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">释名</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">集解</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">辨疑</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">正误</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">修治</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">气味</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">主治</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">发明</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">附方</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">等内容</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">并附图。明万历时撰成刊行</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">至今仍是中医的必备书。国外有多种译本。</span></span></p><section style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp; 因字数限制,下次推送《古文献学讲义》目录·子部的前半部分,即第十节天文算法、第十一节术数、第十二节谱录、第十三节艺术、第十四节小说、第十五节佛道、第十六节杂抄、第十七节类书和第十八节丛书。</span></strong><br></span></section><section style="margin-left: 0px;text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">作者:<span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: right;">不确定uncertain</span><br></span></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">编辑:不确定uncertain</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1px;widows: 1;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;text-indent: 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