《古文献学讲义》笔记2：目录学-经部 第3-7节
<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-paragraph-type="ignored" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 11px;height: 16px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -7.1px;margin-bottom: -5.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="image"><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 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href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg4MzUyMTcwNQ==&mid=2247486166&idx=1&sn=8dc8a74ddc0c633fadd682e6339e63b9&chksm=cf476b10f830e20651d7c74d0ec6e5ddab732c54d2aa611dc6eb40bc7be766bbc6351cf80853&scene=21#wechat_redirect" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);text-decoration: none;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;" data-linktype="2"></a><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;">本次大纲（</strong><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;letter-spacing: 0px;">目</span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;letter-spacing: 0px;">录学·经部 第3-7节）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第三节 经今古文学</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;"></span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第四节 义疏之学</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;"></span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第五节 宋元经学</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;"></span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第六节 清人经学</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第七节 小学</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 31px;height: 4px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-end;margin-right: 31px;margin-top: -8.1px;margin-bottom: 4px;background: #ffffff;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="image"><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid="">目录学·经部 第3-7节</p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第三节 经今古文学</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一．今文十四博士</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）今文经含义：西汉时传经用当时通行的隶书，所以叫今文经。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）今文十四博士：</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《诗》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:有鲁(申培公),齐(辕固生),韩(燕人韩婴)。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《书》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:有欧阳(欧阳生),大夏侯(夏侯胜),小夏侯(夏侯建),同出于伏生。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《礼》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:有大戴(戴德),小戴(戴圣),同出于高堂生。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《易》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:有施(施雠),孟(孟喜),梁丘(梁丘贺),京(京房),同出于田何。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">:有严(严彭祖),颜(颜安乐),同出于董仲舒。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">此外</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,《论语》是兼习的,不立博士,有《鲁论》《齐论》两家</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）今文经学的特点：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《五经》次序</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">是《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》。《诗》《书》《礼》是基本功</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《易》讲原则</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《春秋》讲实施。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">讲家法</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">口授微言大义。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">特别重视《春秋公羊传》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">尊孔子</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">说《春秋经》是为汉制作</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">讲政治哲学</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">要通经致用</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其实已混进法家的东西。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">夹杂谶纬之学</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">讲灾异</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">讲天人感应</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">在《齐诗》《易》《公羊传》里多有这样的东西</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">实际上已混合了阴阳家、墨家之说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">和方士的一套互相渗透。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">发展到后来繁琐</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">如秦近</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">一作延</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">君说《尧典》篇目十余万言</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">曰若稽古</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">三万言。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">6.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">少讲训诂</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">多属哲学史的资料。但因为比较近古</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">所讲制度等仍有史料价值。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（四）参考书：吕诚之《秦汉史》第十九章第三节</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“儒家之学”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">顾颉刚师《秦汉的方士与儒生》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">原名《汉代学术史略》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．古文经学</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）古文经含义：用古文字书写的经。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）孔壁得书的来源和真伪：同吕诚之认为壁中得书及孔安国进献之本无其事。但在立为博士的今文经之外</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">社会上仍发现其他古籍传本</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">则是事实。《孔壁得书》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">收入《吕思勉读史札记》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）古文经学各家：</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《易》</span>:费氏(费直)。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《书》</span>:《古文尚书》,比今文多出十六篇(说是孔安国)。</span><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">（前面不是说比今文尚书多出来二十五篇吗？）</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《诗》</span>:《毛诗》(毛公,后来说毛公名享),但顾颉刚师有《论毛诗序之作者》(收入《史林杂识初编》),据《后汉书·卫宏传》有“作《毛诗序》,善得《风》《雅》之旨,于今传于世”之明文,论定所谓《毛诗序》实东汉初卫宏所作</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《礼》</span>:《周官》即《周礼》(刘歆),《逸礼》。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋》</span>:《左传》(刘歆),《穀梁传》。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《论语》</span>:《古论》。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">《尔雅》。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">古文经学的特点：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《五经》次序</span>:<span style="font-family:宋体;">按所认为的作者的时代先后来排列</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">为《易》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">伏羲画八卦</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">时代最早</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《书》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">把首篇《尧典》说是尧时候写的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《诗》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">把《商颂》说是殷商时写的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《礼》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">说是周公制礼</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《春秋》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">说是孔子修的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">不讲家法。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">特别重视《周礼》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">尊周公</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">从事章句训诂</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">讲名物制度。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">不讲谶纬</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">比较简单不繁琐。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">6.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">所作训诂很有用</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">讲制度则不如今文所讲的古。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（五）今、古文何在何时占优势？</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西汉末年，班固《白虎通义》，主今文。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉，古文占优势，但今文仍是官学。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三．汉末魏晋经学</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）兼今古的经学：兼通古文今文而以古文为主的经学。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">代表人物：马融、郑玄、王肃。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">马融：马融的书没有传下来</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">郑玄：《诗毛传郑笺》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">郑玄给古文经学的《毛传》作笺</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">兼用今文齐鲁韩三家诗说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">和《周礼注》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">古文经学</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、《仪礼注》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">兼用今文古文</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、《礼记注》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">王肃：自己具名的著作没有传下来。孔子家学的伪书《孔子家语》和《孔丛子》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">都是王肃所伪造。《伪古文尚书》及《伪孔安国传》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">清丁晏考证也认为伪造者是王肃。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）玄学家注经</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">代表人物和著作：魏王弼的《周易注》和何晏的《论语集解》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">特色：简要易于通读</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">既无今文经学的那种微言大义以及谶纬怪谈</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也不拘于古文经学穷究的训诂制度。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）其他流传至今的经注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西晋杜预的《春秋经传集解》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">欲取代东汉时流行的《左传》贾逵注和服虔注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东晋郭璞的《尔雅注》</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东晋范宁的《春秋穀梁传集解》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">混合了《春秋》三传之所说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第四节 义疏之学</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一．南北朝隋唐经学与义疏之学</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）义疏</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">=</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">讲疏</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">=</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">疏</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">注的含义：解释经传的叫做注。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">疏的含义：既解释经传同时也解释注。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）南北朝的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“南学”、“北学”之分：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南学：</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《周易》则王辅嗣</span>(<span style="font-family:宋体;">王弼注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《尚书》则孔安国</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">伪孔传</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《左传》则杜元凯</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">杜预集解</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">);</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北学：</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《左传》则服子慎</span>(<span style="font-family:宋体;">服虔注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《尚书》《周易》则郑康成</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">郑玄注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">);</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《诗》则并主于毛公</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">毛传以及郑玄笺</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《礼》则同遵于郑氏</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">郑玄的《三礼》注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北学全部是郑学</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">郑玄注《左传》未成</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">与服虔</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">见《世说新语·文学》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南学则加进了魏晋时的新东西。郑注的《三礼》南北都重视。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）隋统一后，只行南学。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（四）唐孔颖达《五经正义》和陆德明《经典释文》</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">孔颖达《五经正义》：唐初孔颖达等官修《周易》《尚书》《毛诗》《礼记》《春秋左传》的《五经正义》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">就是用南学的注本作疏。其中很多地方还承用了前北隋刘焯、刘炫等人的旧疏</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不都由孔颖达等人创作。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">陆德明《经典释文》三十卷：给除了《孟子》以外的《周易》《尚书》等十二经</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">再加上《老子》《庄子》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">作了释文</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">列举这些经典中某些字的读音</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">某些词语的训诂</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">某些传本的文字异同。再加上一卷“序录”讲述这些经典的传授</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是研究经学以及《老》《庄》的要籍。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（五）唐初</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">纂修</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">《五经正义》和其他新疏后，旧疏失传，仅剩保留在日本，清中叶倒输我国的梁代皇侃《论语义疏》。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．十三经注疏及其他</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）演变过程：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐文宗开成二年刻成《开成石经》：刻九经（《周易》《尚书》《毛诗》《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》《春秋左传》《公羊传》《穀梁传》）和《论语》《孝经》《尔雅》的正文</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">附加张参的《五经文字》和唐玄度的《九经字样》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">孟蜀广政七年母昭裔立《广政石经》，带注，九经少了《公羊》《谷梁》，北宋时田况补刻。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">徽宗宣和年间席贡增刻了《孟子》，形成十三经。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）《十三经》的疏：孔颖达《五经正义》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">+</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐人宋初人给《孟子》以外其中经传加上了疏</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">+</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《孟子注疏》：</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《周易正义》十卷</span>,魏王弼、晋韩康伯注,唐孔颖达等正义。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《尚书正义》二十卷</span>,伪汉孔安国传,唐孔颖达等正义。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《毛诗正义》七十卷</span>,汉毛亨传,郑玄笺、唐孔颖达等正义。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《周礼注疏》四十二卷</span>,汉郑玄注,唐贾公彦硫。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《仪礼注疏》五十卷</span>,汉郑玄注,唐贾公彦疏。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《礼记正义》六十三卷</span>,汉郑玄注,唐孔颖达等正义。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋左传正义》六十卷</span>,晋杜预集解,唐孔颖达等正义。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋公羊传注疏》二十八卷</span>,汉何休解诂,唐徐彦疏</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋穀梁传注疏》二十卷</span>,晋范宁集解,唐杨士勋疏。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《论语注疏》二十卷</span>,魏何晏等集解,北宋邢昺疏</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《孝经注疏》九卷</span>,唐玄宗注,北宋邢昺疏。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《尔雅注疏》十卷</span>,晋郭璞注,北宋邢昺疏。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《孟子注疏》十四卷</span>,汉赵岐注,伪宋孙奭疏。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）刊刻形式：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋时“正义”和“疏”不和经注编在一起，而是单独刊刻。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋后注疏合编。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">通行的善本：清阮元等据宋元间十行本等校勘、嘉庆二十年江西南昌府学刊刻附有校勘记的《十三经注疏》，但今天看来仍不尽完美</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">还有重加校勘的必要。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（四）其他经学要籍：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐李鼎祚的《周易集解》十七卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">保存了不少王弼以外的《易》的古注</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">；</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">传为伏生的《尚书大传》</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">；</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清陈寿祺校注本八卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">保存一些《书》的古经义。《韩诗外传》十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">保存了三家诗中韩诗的一些遗说</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">；</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">董仲舒的《春秋繁露》十七卷</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">；</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">何休的《春秋公羊传解诂》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">同为保存西汉今文经说的要籍。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（五）《十三经》的版本系统：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">经注和疏在北宋时是分别刊刻的</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">到南宋时两浙东路茶盐司和绍兴府才编到一起刊刻</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">建阳书坊才加进释文</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">;</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">到宋元间才有成套的经注、疏、释文合刻本</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">;</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">到明嘉靖时李元阳在福建刊刻有释文的《十三经注疏》。从此递嬗出万历北监本、汲古阁本以至清乾隆时的殿本</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">直到嘉庆时阮元才重新搜寻各种旧本校勘重刻。这样就把《十三经》的版本系统作了个初步的清理。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第五节 宋元经学</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一．学风的转变</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）从中唐时开始的摆脱旧注疏在经学上别求理解的新风气。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）此风气在北宋时大盛。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">宋末王应麟《困学纪闻</span>·经说》引陆游所说:“唐及国初,学者不敢议孔安国、郑康成,况圣人乎!自庆历(北宋仁宗年号)后诸儒发明经旨,非前人所及;然排《系辞》(按指欧阳修《易童子问》,谓《系辞》《文言》等“易传”非孔子作),毁《周礼》(指欧阳修《居士集·问进土策》、苏轼《东坡续集·策·天子六军之制》、苏辙《栾城后集·历代论·周公》,均谓《周礼》非周公作),疑《孟子》(指李觏《盱江集·常语》、司马光《司马温公文集·疑孟》,都非议《孟子》书),讥《书》之《胤征》《顾命》(指苏轼《书传》以《胤征》为羿篡位时事,《顾命》下篇《康王之诰》为失礼),黜《诗》之序(指晁说之《景迂生集·诗序论》否定《毛诗序》所说),不难于议经,况传、注乎!”</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）南宋，朱熹及其后学另行注释《五经》，自己还编注了《四书章句集注》。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．四书章句集注和宋元人注五经</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）《四书章句集注》十九卷</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">内容：《大学章句》一卷、《中庸章句》一卷、《论语集注》十卷、《孟子集注》七卷。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">编定的次序：《大学》《论语》《孟子》《中庸》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是按治学的先后次序排列</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">后人因为《大学》《中庸》篇幅都小</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">就把《中庸》移前以便和《大学》合成一册了。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">撰写了《四书或问》三十九卷，说明注此《四书》的用意</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但所注其后又有改定</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">因此和《或问》颇有抵牾之处。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）宋元人注五经</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《易传》六卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,北宋程颐撰。《周易本义》十二卷,朱熹撰。元人又合编两书为《周易传义》十卷。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《书集传》六卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,南宋蔡沈撰,经文用《伪古文尚书》五十八篇的本子。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《诗集传》二十卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,朱熹撰。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《礼记集说》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">(原名《云庄礼记集说》)十六卷,元陈澔撰,不注《大学》《中庸》。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋胡氏传》三十卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,南宋胡安国撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">与科举考试有关：</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《元史</span>·选举志》“科目”记元仁宗皇庆二年十一月诏定科举《大学》《论语》《孟子》《中庸》内出题并用朱氏章句集注;《诗》以朱氏为主,《尚书》以蔡氏为主,《周易》以程氏朱氏为主,以上三经兼用古注疏;《春秋》许用三传及胡氏传;《礼记》用古注疏。陈澔《礼记集说》晚出外都已用了宋人的注本。明永乐时官修《四书五经大全》,《五经》就全用上列宋元人注,不再用所谓古注疏。其后《大全》虽未通行,明人及清初人刊刻诵读《五经》就一直用这宋元人注以应付科举考试。到清乾隆时才取消《春秋胡氏传》,改用《春秋左传》和杜预注</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">优点：通顺易懂。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">缺点：这些注包括朱熹的都多少夹进宋人理学的话头</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">免不了失去点先秦时的真相。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第六节 清人经学</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">一．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">清初经学名著</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">几部有影响的名著：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《易图明辨》</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">十卷</span>,</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">胡渭撰</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;">,<span style="font-family:宋体;">指出《周易本义》前列九图本出北宋陈抟、邵雍</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是道教的学说而非儒家的《易》说。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">古文尚书疏证》</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">八卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">阎若璩撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">论定比今文二十八篇多出来的《尚书》篇章和全书的孔安国传均出于伪造。前此朱熹及元吴澄、明梅鷟都对此怀疑</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">梅鷟且写了辨伪专书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">阎氏更集其大成</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">从此《伪古文尚书》及《伪孔传》成为学术界的定论</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">极个别人想翻此案已无能为力。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《春秋大事表》五十卷、《舆图》一卷、《附录》一卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">顾栋高撰。这是将春秋时的大事及有关题目分类列表</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">计有时令、朔闰、长历拾遗、疆域、爵姓存灭、列国地理犬牙交错、都邑、山川、险要、官制、姓氏、世系、刑赏、田赋、吉礼、凶礼、宾礼、军礼、嘉礼、王迹拾遗、鲁政下逮、晋中军、楚令尹、宋执政、郑执政、争盟、交兵、城筑、四裔、天文、五行、三传异同、阙文、吞灭、乱贼、兵谋、引据、杜注正讹、人物、列女诸项目</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">条理详密</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">考证典核</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是从史学角度研究《春秋左传》的最好的辅助书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也是治春秋史者的必备书。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《诗经通论》十八卷《论旨》一卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">姚际恒撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">姚氏撰《古今伪书考》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">敢于对传统的多种古籍怀疑</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这是他所撰《九经通论》中流传下来的一种</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">敢于驳朱熹的《诗集传》</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．乾嘉学派</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）乾嘉学派含义：清代学术至乾隆嘉庆时极盛</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">学者专务搜辑阐发汉人之说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">尤其是汉代古文家所讲的训诂制度</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">因而被称为“汉学”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也叫“朴学”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">后人也称他们为“乾嘉学派”。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）皖、吴两派</span></p><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: left;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 209, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 209, 0);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: left;font-family: 宋体;"> 原文：“吕诚之师昔在讲课中指出:‘汉学家人物甚多,难徧疏举,日人某分为皖、吴两</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 209, 0);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: 宋体;">派,章炳麟釆其说,大致是也。’”</span>“日人 某分”的意思是当时的人有的分成吗?</span></section><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">皖派：戴震。长于小学，巨子为段玉裁（精治《说文》者之始）、王念孙（精治古人文法之始也）。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">吴派：惠栋。长于搜辑及疏释。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">相同点：对一问题</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">搜罗证据</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">务极其周</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">疏释论断</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">务极其慎</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">则两派之所同也。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）乾嘉学派有名的著作：</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《易》</span>:《周易述》十九卷、《易微言》二卷,惠栋撰,《周易述补》四卷,江藩撰,这是广搜汉人易说自注自疏。《周易虞氏义》九卷《虞氏消息》二卷,张惠言撰,专辑并疏汉末虞翻一家之说。《易章句》十二卷、《易通释》十二卷、《易图略》八卷,焦循撰,自成一家之言。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《书》</span>:《古文尚书考》二卷,惠栋撰,条列《伪古文尚书》文句的出处。《尚书今古文注疏》三十卷,孙星衍撰,专疏今文二十八篇,但以司马迁为古文书说,实误。《今文尚书经说考》三十二卷,陈乔枞撰。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《诗》</span>:《诗毛氏传疏》三十卷,陈奂撰,专疏毛传。《三家诗遗说考》五十一卷,陈乔枞撰,考齐鲁韩三家诗。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《周礼》</span>:《周礼正义》八十六卷,孙诒让撰,用郑玄注,作新疏</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《仪礼》</span>:《仪礼正义》四十卷,胡培翚撰,用郑玄注,作新疏。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《礼记》</span>:《礼记训纂》四十九卷,朱彬撰,是作新注,参考博而能反之于简约。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋左传》</span>:《春秋左传诂》五十卷,洪亮吉撰,辑旧注亦采杜注。《春秋左氏传贾服注辑述》二十卷,李贻德撰,专辑贾逵、服虔旧注,并作硫说。《春秋左氏传旧注疏证》,刘文淇撰,辑旧注并作疏,最详密,仅止于襄公九年,以后未撰成,1959年科学出版社为出版公世。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋公羊传》</span>:《春秋公羊义疏》七十六卷,陈立撰,用何休注,作新疏。《春秋繁露注》十七卷,凌曙撰。《春秋繁露义证》七卷,苏舆撰。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋穀梁传》</span>:《春秋穀梁经传补注》二十四卷,钟文蒸撰。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《论语》</span>:《论语正义》二十卷,刘宝楠撰,用何晏集解,作新疏</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《孝经》</span>:《孝经郑注疏》二卷,皮钖瑞撰,辑郑玄注并作疏。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《尔雅》</span>:《尔雅正义》二十卷,邵晋涵撰。《尔雅义疏》二十卷,郝懿行撰,都用郭璞注作疏。郝书后出,人谓胜于邵,但也有人认为颇有袭邵之处。又此郝书最初刻入《皇清经解》的和道光三十年陆建瀛刻本,都用经王念孙删定的本子,咸丰六年杨以增刻本及同治四年郝联薇覆刻本方是足本,但王氏学识优于郝,所删定之本实胜过足本。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《孟子》</span>:《孟子正义》三十卷,焦循撰,用赵岐注,作新疏。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（四）此外其时的经学要籍尚有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《经义述闻》三十二卷</span>,王引之撰,“述闻”者谦称述所闻于其父王念孙,是对经传的词语名物作考释。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《经传释词》十卷</span>,王引之撰,是释古人词语及文法。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《古书疑义举例》七卷</span>,俞樾撰,俞氏治学时在清季,此书继《经传释词》而作,在古人词语及文法上研究均有创获。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">其时学风有别于乾嘉主流而成就显著的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">尚有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《考信录》</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,崔述撰,包括《补上古考信录》二卷、《唐虞考信录》四卷、《夏考信录》二卷、《商考信录》二卷、《丰镐考信录》八卷、《洙泗考信录》四卷、《丰镐考信别录》三卷、《洙泗考信余录》三卷、《孟子事实录》二卷、《考古续说》三卷、《考信附录》二卷。顾颉刚师又广搜崔氏其他有关著作和文献编成《崔东壁遗书》行世。崔氏是据经来考后起诸说之伪,可说是《古史辨》的先导。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（六）参考书：梁启超《中国近三百年学术》</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三．今文学复兴</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）萌芽于道光之前，此时就借助于本讲通经致用的今文经学来畅言其政治理论</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">学术史上称之为今文学的复兴。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）主要著作有：</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《春秋正辞》十三卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,庄存与撰。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《公羊传何氏释例》十卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,刘逢禄撰。庄、刘都是常州府人,所以学术史上也称之为常州学派。这常州学派主要讲《公羊》,因为今文经说传世的只有何休注《公羊传》最完整,同时《公羊》之学讲“微言大义”,也易于用新的学说与之比附。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">此外还有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《礼经通论》一卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,邵懿辰撰,考《逸礼》为刘歆伪造。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《诗古微》十九卷、《书古微》十二卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,魏源撰。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《论语戴氏注》十卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,戴望撰,企图重明《齐论》之学,以与《公羊》相表里。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清季则有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《今古学考》二卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,廖平撰,主张古文经是刘歆所伪造。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《新学伪经考》十四卷</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">,康有为撰,在廖书基础上更详考刘歆伪经之事,诋之为新学—新莽之学。但其说有偏,今人钱穆已撰《刘向歆父子年谱》驳正。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;"><br></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第七节 小学</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">一．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">为什么叫小学？</span></strong></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">出自刘歆《七略》的《汉书</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">·艺文志》,六艺类的最后一个门类是“小学”,著录了《史籀》《苍颉》《凡将》《急就》等十种小孩子初学用的识字课本,所以给了个门类叫“小学”。以后由这些识字课本进而讲究文字的结构、读音和训释,从而产生了后来所谓“训诂”“文字”“音韵”等专门学问,也就都称之为“小学”,四部分类法仍把它附属在经部后面,其实已远离小孩子初学识字的原意了。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">二．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">训诂</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）含义：实际是一种分类的词典。最早的是《尔雅》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）《尔雅》之后的主要著作：</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《方言》十三卷</span>,旧题西汉扬雄撰,东晋郭璞注,是搜集并解释各地的方言。有《方言疏证》十三卷,戴震撰。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《释名》八卷</span>,东汉刘熙撰,是用一种“音训”的方法来解释字义。有《释名疏证》八卷,题为毕沅撰,实出江声之手。《释名疏证补》八卷《续释名》《释名补遣》一卷《疏证补附》一卷,王先谦撰。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">《广雅》十卷</span>,魏张揖撰,体例同于《尔雅》。有《广雅疏证》十卷,王念孙撰,水平高于郝懿行的《尔雅义疏》。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">三．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">文字</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）含义：也称</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“字书”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是用部首来编排的字典</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">当然也包括了训诂。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）主要著作：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">关于《说文解字》：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）《说文解字》十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">简称《说文》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">东汉许慎撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">分五百四十部首</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">主要为小篆的文字结构及意义作解说。这是研究文字学的必读书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">没有它</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">对甲骨文、金文都难于通读。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）《说文解字系传》四十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">南唐徐锴撰。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）《说文解字注》三十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">段王裁撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">公认水平最高</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">敢于提出自己的见解且多正确</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但亦间有失当处。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）《说文解字义证》五十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">桂馥撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">备列古籍中出现其字的文句</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">而不加案语</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">让读者据以自行研究</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">极有用处。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）与《说文解字义证》作用相近似的还有《经籍纂诂》并《补遗》一百零六卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">阮元撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不过不按《说文》次序而是按韵编排。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">6</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）《说文句读》三十卷、《说文释例》二十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">王筠撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《句读》给《说文》作了简明的注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">便于通读</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《释例》对研究《说文》本书有启发。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">7</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）《说文解字诂林》十五卷《补遗》十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时丁福保编集</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">将有关《说文》的著作包括上述诸书共计二百二十八种剪贴成此《诂林》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">便于检寻。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《玉篇》三十卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">梁顾野王原本</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐孙强增字</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋陈彭年等重修</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">重修本全称《大广益会王篇》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是《说文》以后一部重要的字书。但后来行世的止有这个重修本</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">已被大加删节</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">失掉了很多有用的资料。顾野王的原本在日本保存有残卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">光绪初年黎庶昌的《古逸丛书》里搜刻了三卷半。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其他字体的字书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">今通行有清人的《隶辨》八卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">顾蔼吉撰。《隶篇》十五卷《续》十五卷《再续》十五卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">翟云升撰。《甲骨文编》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">近人孙海波撰。《金文编》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">近人容庚撰。《汉印文字徵》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">近人罗福颐撰。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">四．音韵</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）古音韵书传下来的有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《广韵》五卷。此书隋陆法言的原本叫《切韵》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">唐孙偭重修本叫《唐韵》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">均已失传</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">仅存残页残卷</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">传世的是北宋陈彭年等重修的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">全称《大宋重修广韵》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">收字二万六千一百九十四</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">分上平下平、上、去、人五卷。又陆法言之</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">陆</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">本系鲜卑步陆孤之陆</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">而非吴郡大姓陆氏</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不可误会。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《集韵》十卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">旧题丁度等奉敕撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">实最后成于司马光手</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是在《广韵》基础上增修</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">收字多至五万三千五百二十五。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清代学人研究古音的重要著作</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《音学五书》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">顾炎武撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">主要从《诗经》之用韵来考古音。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《六书音韵表》五卷</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">段玉裁撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">分古音为十七部。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《音学十书》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">江有诰撰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">分古音为二十一部。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">另做诗用的诗韵书</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">通行《佩文诗韵》</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">是在金平水韵的基础上官修的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">因为根据的是官书《佩文韵府》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">所以叫《佩文诗韵》。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span><br></p><hr style="border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 0 0;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-webkit-transform-origin: 0 0;-webkit-transform: scale(1, 0.5);transform-origin: 0 0;transform: scale(1, 0.5);"><p><br></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"> 下次推送《古文献学讲义》目录·史部前半部分，即第一节概说、第二节纪传、第三节编年、第四节纪事本末、第五节杂史、第六节载记。</span></span></strong><br></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;text-align:center;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="body"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">作者：<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: right;">不确定uncertain</span><br></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="body"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">编辑：不确定uncertain</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino 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