《古文献学讲义》笔记9:碑刻学-绪论、分类、拓本、史料价值、书法(完结)
<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><section style="text-indent: 2em;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 11px;height: 16px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -7.1px;margin-bottom: -5.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;width: 100%;padding: 0px 6px 0px 11px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 16px;height: 4px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-start;z-index: 1;margin-left: 18px;margin-bottom: 1px;background: #ffffff;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px);padding: 16px 3px 16px 14px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="font-size: 14px;font-family: PingFangSC-Medium, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 20px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">本次大纲</strong></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong>绪论</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><strong>分类<br></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><strong>拓本(附影印、装潢、藏印、题跋)</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><strong>史料价值</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;"><strong>书法</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></p></section></section><section style="width: 31px;height: 4px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-end;margin-right: 31px;margin-top: -8.1px;margin-bottom: 4px;background: #ffffff;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">碑刻学·绪论 </span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></strong><br></section><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">一.历史与现状</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)开始于北宋,大盛于清代,被称为</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“金石学”。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">“金”者以先秦之青铜器为主,亦曰钟鼎,下及汉代铜器以至铜镜、古玺印之属。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">“石”即石刻之有文字者。总之必古物之有文字,始入文人鉴赏,浸而成为学问。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)宋人:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">藏青铜器</span>,亦事传拓。石则止藏拓本,用以考史事、讲书法,罕有收原石者。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清人之藏青铜器与宋人同。石则有力者除藏旧拓外亦收藏原石</span>,多墓志,以志较丰碑尚为轻小可玩。若无大力之文士则搜罗拓片,往往以多为贵。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)清末民国:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">此风至清末民国初尚不稍衰</span>,且更进而并蓄碑石。此时期之旧式文人若不知金石则不得齿于通人之列。金石之学于是大盛。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(五)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">青铜器之研究入考古学</span>,铜器铭文研究入古文字学,“金石”之“金”已别有归宿,惟石”尚无所附丽。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(六)现状:没落。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">二.命名</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“碑刻学”:“碑”可以概其余墓志、造像之属,言“刻”则明其必石刻而不得为文集中物也。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">三.对象</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)石上刻有文字的东西。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“帖”不在其中。核其性质,犹今之墨迹影印本,古无摄影术,遂不得不刻石以流传耳。此与碑刻实非同类。至概称石刻之碑帖曰碑,拓本曰帖,则是流俗之谈,虽前人文字题跋中亦间有如此用法,实不足为训也。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">四.领域</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)碑刻本身: (1)分类;(2)分地域。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)拓本。包括影印本,兼及装潢体式。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)史料。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)书法。碑刻之书法而不涉帖及墨迹,装饰碑刻之绘画并有关浮雕则可旁及。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">五.参考书</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)容媛《金石书录目》太难了,不适合初学者。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)适合初学者的书目:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.通论</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">△清叶昌炽《语石》,卷一时代,卷二分地,卷三、四、五分类,卷六碑刻文字体例,卷七、八书法,卷九碑刻体例,卷十拓本,为一部有条理之碑刻学专著,且文兼骈散,优美可诵。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">△民国时马衡《中国金石学概要》,北京大学讲义,收入《凡将斋金石丛稿》,其第四章“历代石刻”多《语石》以后新资料,亦极有条理,且具识见。又《丛稿》涉碑刻之其他文字均可一读,惟非通论而已。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">识见无多徒事抄撮者尚有</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">:</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时朱剑心《金石学》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,其碑刻学部分多本《语石》,惟较通行易得。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">王壮弘《碑帖鉴别常识》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,“石刻文字部分”分时代作流水账式之记述,新出易得</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.碑目:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 28px;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清孙星衍、邢澍《寰宇访碑录》</span>,清赵之谦《补寰宇访碑录》,所录颇有错误,然为著录现存碑刻目之最通行易得者,孙录止嘉庆时,赵录止光绪时</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清缪荃孙《艺风堂金石文字》</span>,止光绪时,然精博远胜孙、赵。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时《北平图书馆藏墓志目录》</span>,民国时罗振玉《墓志征存目录》,清末民国出土墓志至多,略具此二目</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">解放后新出土墓志碑刻尚无全目可稽。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">题跋</span>:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">清顾炎武《金石文字记》。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">清钱大昕《潜研堂金石文字跋尾》并续、又续、三续</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">清武亿《金石一跋》《二跋》《三跋》《续跋》。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清人碑刻题跋多</span>,上列均言史料之较精善者</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">录文兼题跋</span>:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">△清王昶《金石萃编》,自先秦至宋。元编集未刻,民国时罗振玉影印,曰《金石萃编未刻稿》。此集嘉庆前所存碑刻并考释之大成,如顾、钱诸题跋已悉数收入。又此“金石”云者实习惯用语,所收青铜器不及百一,实“碑刻萃编”也,下列题“金石”者悉同此例。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清陆耀遹《金石续编》</span>,收《萃编》后出土及《萃编》遗略者,书成道光时,著录无多,题跋亦多自撰。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清方履篯《金石萃编补正》</span>,与《续编》不相谋,著录更少于《续编》。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清陆增祥《八琼室金石补正》</span>,稍后于《续编》,实《萃编》后又一集大成之作。且列出“祛伪”,又为《萃编》所未及之创例。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时罗振玉《昭陵碑录》</span>,此主录文,跋语均止言墨拓新旧,不涉考史</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">5.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">拓本</span>:此验拓本之新旧真伪优劣,兼列点画完缺可资所谓“考据”者。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时方若《校碑随笔》</span>,此类书之首出者,然间有不足信处。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">△王壮弘《增补校碑随笔》,增补极多,且备陈影印本之优劣,殊便翻检。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时欧阳辅《集古求真》及《续编》《补正》</span>,兼讲书法,所见旧拓善本太少,而自诩为宋元拓者复皆伪物,惟议论尚平实可读。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">张彦生《善本碑帖录》</span>,张为琉璃厂庆云堂老碑帖贾,见闻博,惟文理每欠通顺,编辑者复不事润色,致有疏失。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">王壮弘、马成名《六朝墓志检要》</span>,颇详备,足补《增补校碑随笔》之不足</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">6.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">书法</span>:此本碑刻以言书法者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清包世臣《艺舟双楫》</span>,言文章并书法,故曰“双楫”,书法主北碑,有心得,亦多偏见。清康有为《广艺舟双楫》,实未言文章止存“单楫”,亦曰《书镜》,本《双辑》而益多欺人之谈,谬误失检处更往往多有。然较今人之剿说雷同、陈陈相因者究有雅郑之别</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">△启功《启功丛稿》,其中言碑刻书法处多精义,悉时人并前贤所未发者。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">7.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">词典</span>:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">杨震方《碑帖叙录》</span>,实一碑帖词典,间附图像,惟所收名目太少,不完不备,学识不足,解说绝无体例</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">8.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">图录</span>:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清杨守敬《寰宇贞石图》</span>,所收皆碑刻之较知名者,日本出增补本,影印尚精。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">赵万里《汉魏南北朝墓志集释》</span>,所收甚备,悉整幅影印,惟考释止及志之完缺存佚,不涉史事书法。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《千唐志斋藏志》</span>,民国时张钫藏石,悉洛阳出土,间有北朝、隋及五代以后物。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">9.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋元人书</span>:中多今佚失不存者,检读可略知梗概。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋欧阳修《集古录》</span>,题跋。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋赵明诚《金石录》</span>,目,题跋。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋王象之《舆地碑目》</span>,目</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋缺名《宝刻类编》</span>,目。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋陈思《宝刻丛编》</span>,目,题跋。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">元陶宗仪《古刻丛钞》</span>,录文。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋欧阳修《集古录》</span>,题跋。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">北宋赵明诚《金石录》</span>,目,题跋。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋王象之《舆地碑目》</span>,目</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋缺名《宝刻类编》</span>,目。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南宋陈思《宝刻丛编》</span>,目,题跋。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">元陶宗仪《古刻丛钞》</span>,录文。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)择要看参考书</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,并对照看拓本或影印本,能见原石自更好。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)目标:能熟知著名之碑刻一二百种</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,并言其存佚完缺、拓本先后、与夫书法优劣,始得谓通碑刻之学。若更据以考史补史,于学术有所裨益,自更上一层。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">碑刻学·分类 </span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">一.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">准则:</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">形制与文字性质不能分离,省却摩崖后区分八大类。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">二.碣:</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">石刻文字始于秦</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,以春秋时之所谓《石鼓文》为最古,其制似鼓,其数为十。就可稽之琅邪、泰山刻均四方若锥体而去其尖者,与《石鼓》虽微有方圆之别,实同体制,其时名之曰“碣”,《说文》所谓“碣,特立之石”是已。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">三.碑</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)名称:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.木碑:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">先秦已有</span>“碑”,但如《礼记·祭义》:“君牵牲……既入庙门丽于碑。”《檀弓》:“公室视丰碑。”郑注:“丰碑,大木为之,形如石碑,于槨前后四角树之,穿中于间,为鹿卢下棺以猝绕。”知其时之碑止是木质,树于庙门以丽牲,树于槨四角以下棺,与其后石刻之“碑”有别</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.石碑:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">立石碑刻文字始于东汉</span>,汉末以后遂通行而居石刻文字之首列。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">形制</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">“碑阳”刻正文;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">“碑阴”或空白,或刻正文外有关文字;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">有两</span>“碑侧”,或刻有关文字或空白</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐以还又多有文饰</span>;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦有正文字多转刻至碑阴以至碑侧者</span>;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">碑阳正文上多有</span>“碑额”,亦曰“碑头”,多题“△△△△之碑”,若文字之有题目;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">汉碑当碑额处有圆孔曰</span>“碑穿”,且往往偏而不居正中,盖先秦丽牲、下棺之遗制,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">唐</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">以还碑额多有浮雕或其他文饰</span>;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">汉碑多立土上</span>,唐以还又有“碑座”,亦日“碑趺”,刻石作龟形。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清中叶以前上至宋明时拓本多止拓正文</span>,兼及碑阴、碑侧、碑额,中叶以后金石之学大盛,始有拓及文饰者,然碑额浮雕及龟趺均不易拓,必至碑下始得见真相。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)碑所刻文字的区别</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.墓碑:普通墓碑、释道之碑(释多于道)。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.功德碑:颂皇帝、颂长吏、纪武功、旌孝思、表先贤。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.寺观祠庙:佛寺、与佛寺佛教有关的、道观、祠庙、五岳、前贤之祠庙。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)其他杂刻之碑</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.诏敕文牒。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.地图。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.界至:记“四至”盖始于汉,敦煌吐鲁番籍账均记田亩四至,铭诸石刻则曰“界碑”“界至碑”“四至碑”,佛寺则曰“界相碑”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.医方。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">5.书目。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">四.墓志附塔铭、买地券</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)墓志</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.原因:墓碑立墓前以表逝者功德,然恐日久损毁,遂别于墓圹中置石刻记逝者姓氏简历,俾历时久远尚可稽考。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.始于东汉:光绪末山东峄县所出《临为父作封记》,即是其物。同时孟津所出东汉砖刻之志姓名、籍贯、刑罚及年月者,亦彼时丛葬刑徒之志。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.西晋:此类石刻有所谓《荀岳墓题字》《魏雏柩题字》《石尠墓题字》《石定墓题字》之属,然尚未有墓志之称,即形制亦广狭不一,无定式也。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.南北朝始有墓志之称。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)形式:大体划一为四方之石板,上多刻棋子方格,多小楷书,北齐隋志则间有八分书,唐志复有行书。有在志之阴面刻家属姓氏者,曰“阴”,有刻在侧面者,曰“侧”,惟正面不曰“志阳”,与碑有“碑阳”“碑阴”“碑侧”者不尽同。又有志上加同式方石以护志文者,曰盖,盖文多以小篆或正书刻“△△△△△△墓志铭”之属,仿碑刻之制也。精者则于志、盖之四侧刻纹饰,更有于盖上四周刻纹饰者,亦碑额碑侧有浮雕及纹饰之例。复间有于盖之左右施两铁环,以便提取者,又有志盖悉仿龟形如北魏《元显佛志》,均特例也。此种墓志南朝较少,北朝为多。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">5.南朝、北朝、唐志、宋志(较少于唐,且不得收藏者重视)、元明以下更少。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)塔铭:僧尼及居士不事棺葬而火葬</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,焚尸后入骨灰塔,故不曰墓志而曰塔铭。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">(三)买地券,亦日墓,多非真券,如吴《浩宗墓券》,西晋《杨绍墓别》,南汉《马二十四娘墓券》,四至在虚无之间。四至实有之真券有唐《刘玄简墓券》。此亦兼具墓志作用,故附墓志并述。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 255);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 255);font-family: 宋体;">(</span>四至就是土地的边界,在虚无之间指的是阴间土地的边界。)</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">五.画像</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)发展过程</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.始于西汉:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">以西汉《廳孝禹刻石》上之朱雀画为古。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.东汉大盛:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">多在今山东</span>,次则河南、四川。其体制为平面浮雕,多雕古帝王、孝子、列女、义士及墓中人事迹,而上有题榜刻画中人姓名,犹近代之连环画格式。其著者有肥城之《孝堂山画像》(阴刻)、嘉祥之《武氏祠画像》(阳刻),皆为数甚夥。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.魏晋</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">而还</span>,斯风乃渐杀。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.唐宋:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">碑刻上亦有画像</span>,多为工细之线条画,如雁塔门楣石上所画佛寺庭院,《道德寺碑》碑阴所画女尼形象,均唐画之精美者也。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">六.造像</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)含义:造像者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,佛教信徒所造释迦、弥勒诸像之谓。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)石像发展流程:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">北魏以还</span>,始多石像。于方座之上,琢一佛或数佛,或立或坐,或有龛,或有背光,其记文则或刻于背,或刻于龛侧,或刻于座上。此外尚有四方如柱者,有高广如碑者,于其各面之上截凿龛造像,下截为造像记并题名,其阴侧或为多数小龛层累排列,或于龛侧或龛下题名。复有就崖壁凿龛造像者,谓之石窟像或石室,洛阳龙门尤其著者。《龙门造像十品》集于光绪年间,后拓至二十品,除《优填王》一种外皆北魏物,碑估又有拓《龙门五百种》者,则多隋唐人所造,亦初未能尽,然其小龛所题悉寥寥数字,实无足观。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.南朝:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">南朝造像则远不逮北朝之精且多。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.五代:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">其后则杭州灵隐等地多五代时吴越造像</span>,山东之临昫、嘉祥多北宋时造像。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">宋以后造石像之风遂衰</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)铜像:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">造铜像之事多见《太平广记》释证门</span>,今存铜像亦多北朝隋唐时物,小者止二三寸,大亦不过尺余,下有座,题记或刻于座,或刻于背,颇涂金,观《广记》知多供养于私宅,不必送佛寺也。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">泥像之在佛寺者概无题记</span>,非治碑刻者所究心。止有所谓“善业泥”者,制同小铜像,背面有“大唐善业埿压得真如妙色身”阳文十二字,是以僧徒骨灰和泥模压而成者,清代大雁塔下尚间有之,嘉道时刘喜海尝检得若干,光绪时叶昌炽亦收藏两具,见《缘督庐日记钞》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(五)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">道教亦窃佛像之制造石像</span>,然为数甚少。其著者止北齐时阳文方格隶书之《马天祥造像》,原石久佚(传世拓本多翻刻,乾隆时王氏话雨楼藏真本有金农题签者为真),陕西耀县则有《姚伯多造像》尚无恙</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">七.石经</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)儒家经典</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.始于东汉灵帝熹平四年,《熹平石经》</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)内容:</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《周易》《尚书》《鲁诗》《仪礼》《春秋》五经</span>,《公羊》《论语》二传,皆八分书,出蔡邕等手。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">2)过程:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">①石久残毁,东魏时尝自洛阳徙邺</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">②北周迁返洛阳</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">③隋开皇复运入长安,寻用为柱础</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">④</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时惟洛阳有残石残片出土</span>,其巨者为《周易》残石,上截归文素松</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">⑤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">今存上海博物馆</span>,下截为于右任所得而移赠碑林,未分售前全拓传世止十余通而已。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.魏齐王曹芳时《正史石经》</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)内容:</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">古文、小篆、八分三体</span>,止《尚书》《春秋》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">2)过程:</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">民国时洛阳亦出土残石残片</span>,其巨者一面为《尚书》,一面为《春秋》,出土后石中剖,未剖拓片亦以希见珍。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">曹魏石经刻于齐王芳正始中</span>,曰《正始石经》,为古文、小篆、八分三体,止《尚书》《春秋》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.唐文宗开成二年刻《开成石经》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)内容:楷书。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《易》《书》《诗》《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》《春秋左传》《春秋公羊传》《春秋穀梁传》九经</span>,益以《论语》《孝经》《尔雅》为十二经,又以唐张参《五经文字》、唐玄度《九经字样》为附丽,在西安碑林。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">2)过程:</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">明嘉靖以地震颇有断裂损字者</span>,王尧典按旧文集其缺字别刻小石立其旁,多纰谬</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">清康熙时巡抚贾汉复又补刻《孟子》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.孟蜀广政七年相母昭裔立石经,世曰《蜀石经》</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)内容和过程:《周易》《尚书》《毛诗》《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》《春秋左传》《论语》《孝经》《尔雅》十经,北宋皇祐时田况又补《春秋公羊》《穀梁》二传,宣和时席贡又补刻《孟子》,均有注。然久佚失,今止存残拓,尝归刘体智,已影印。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">5.北宋仁宗时立石经。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)内容和过程:《易》《诗》《书》《周礼》《礼记》《春秋》《论语》《孝经》《孟子》九经,一行篆书,一行楷书。今存残石及旧拓残本。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">6.南宋石经为高宗所书</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)内容和过程:《周易》《尚书》《毛诗》《春秋左传》楷书,《论语》《孟子》为行楷书。今存七十七石。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">7.清乾隆五年蒋衡进楷书《十三经》,五十六年刻石,今存清故国子监,楷书作馆阁体,不为世重。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">零星刻石</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,其著者为唐玄宗天宝四载所立御注《孝经》,御书八分体,四碑合成一柱,世曰《石台孝经》,亦在碑林。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)佛经刻石。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.形制:有摩崖、碑石、经幢之别。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)摩崖:以北齐为盛,以山东、河北、山西、河南为多。如泰山经石峪之大字《金刚经》,论者谓即北齐时物。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">2)碑石:以河北房山所刻《大藏经》最有名,始于隋大业中僧静琬,唐人继之,至辽始毕工,初皆封锢,今已整理传拓〔北京法源寺有专室陈列部分拓片、原石)。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">3)经幢:如柱而八棱,上有盖,下有座,大者寻丈,小者径尺,多刻《陀罗尼经》,以唐刻为多,清叶昌炽广搜拓本,颜其居曰“五百经幢馆”。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)道经刻石。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">以老子《道德经》为多</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,今存者有唐刻五、宋刻一、元刻二,以唐中宗景龙二年龙兴观《道德经》为最古。此外尚刻《阴符经》《常清净经》《消灾护命经》等,为数寥寥,远不逮佛经刻石之盛。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">八</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.题咏题名</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)含义:名胜古迹佳山水处多有前人题咏题名</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,或题诗,或“某年某月某日某某到此一游”之属。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)传世之作:题壁者日久湮没</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,惟刻石得以传世。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.唐宋以前惟北魏郑道昭《登云峰山论经书诗》《观海岛诗》《登太基山诗》《咏飞仙室诗》等为著</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.唐宋而还则为数至夥,如雁塔石刻门楣之唐宋元明人题名,苏州虎丘、杭州灵隐飞来峰、及长汀苍玉洞、广州九曜石等题名,均见称于世。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.又旧碑刻上刊刻后人题名者亦多,如北周赵文渊书《华岳碑》上即有唐人题名累累,而《大秦景教流行碑》侧刻有道光时韩泰华题名,损及原石文字,颇为世诟病。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">4.又有职官及科举及第者之题名,亦始于唐代。今存者以开元时《御史台精舍题名碑》及大中时《郎官石柱题名》为著。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">5.科举及第之题名存者皆宋元以下</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">6.而明清进士题名碑之在北京者为数尤夥,皆有资于史学考证。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">九</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.建筑物器物刻字</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)至石质建筑物、器物之刻有文字</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,则以物为主体而附加文字而已。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)建筑物之刻有文字者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,如:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.阙。东汉魏晋南朝皆有刻字之石阙。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)神庙之阙:东汉嵩山《太室》《少室》《开母》三阙皆神庙之阙,为习汉篆者所宗法。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">2)墓道之阙:东汉有《武氏》二阙、《南武阳》三阙在山东,《王稚子》《高颐》等阙在四川,皆隶书,南朝梁阙在江苏皆楷书,其西阙之字皆反书。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.柱。唐宋寺观之石柱或柱础上间有刻字者,安阳所出凿孔之方石刻有“赵建武四年造泰武殿前援戏绞柱石孔”,是传世柱础刻字之最古者。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.塔。塔盖、塔盘、塔座之石制者间有刻字,如登封会善寺之塔盖有北魏神龟三年刻字,苏州治平寺塔盘有隋大业七年刻字(已佚),陵县塔座有唐天宝六载刻字。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">4.黄肠。显贵者以柏木黄心者累棺外曰黄肠,至东汉则多以石为之,上记年号及尺寸数字石人石兽。多宫室及冢墓前物,汉人有在其上刻字者。石人如曲阜鲁恭王墓前二具,一刻“府门之卒”,一刻“汉故乐安太守鹰君亭长”,皆汉篆,在胸前。掖县太基山有北齐郑述祖所造石人,刻“甲申年造乙酉年成”。解放后灌县出土东汉李冰石像,胸前亦刻职衔姓名。石兽之著者有东汉时刻狮子,隶书“雒阳中东门外刘汉所作狮子一双”一行。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">5.桥。江浙石桥多有刻宋元年号者,明清尤多。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">6.井。井阑刻字以梁天监十五年茅山道土作井阑为最古,宋元明清井阑刻字则在江浙一带多有之。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)石制器物之刻字者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,有:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.幡竿石。寺院植幡竿之用,存者以唐开元时虞乡石佛寺一刻为古</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.石灯台。形近经幢而用以燃灯者,存者以唐天宝时洛阳、元氏二刻为古</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.石香炉。寺观祠庙用以焚香者,存者以石晋天福时密县超化寺、益都玉皇庙二刻为古。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">4.石盆。宋治平时苏轼所铭正定雪浪盆最为著名。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">5.石硙。刻字者有晋太康九年石硙,在山东。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">碑刻学·拓本</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">(附影印、装潢、藏印、题跋) </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align:center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">一</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.起源:</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">碑刻以纸椎拓,曰拓本,亦作揭本,其事盖起于南北朝。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">二</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.优劣</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)旧拓很珍贵。碑刻虽石质坚固</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,日久亦易损泐。拓本时代早者损泐少,晚则损泐多,此旧拓之所以见珍。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)孤本或稀见之本。原石佚失</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,拓本仅存,遂成孤本或稀见之本。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)拓本的原翻之别。碑贾或好事者从而覆刻</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,则拓本又有原翻之别。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(四)同一名目之拓本大有优劣</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,其价值亦大有高下。旧日碑估,多精此道,今治碑刻之学,亦宜讲求。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">三</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.旧拓与新拓</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)旧拓的含义:今存在之拓本以唐拓为最古</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,宋、明拓亦见珍于世,若清拓则多重乾嘉,以上均可谓旧拓。此外,亦有难定其时代而泛称为旧拓者。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.唐拓。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">1)真可信者为敦煌所发现唐太宗书《温泉铭》残存后半篇及长庆四年柳公权书《金刚经》,均裱成卷子,又欧阳询书《化度寺邕禅师塔铭》,存十二开。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">2)此外号称唐拓者多不足凭信。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.宋拓。传世尚多,多唐碑之煊赫者,如集王书《圣教序记》欧书《九成宫醴泉铭》《化度寺邕禅师塔铭》《温彦博碑》,欧阳通《道因法师碑》,颜书《多宝塔碑》,李邕书《麓山寺碑》等。皆宋人习字所需,传世多者至十余本,少亦三四本。秦汉碑则止《石鼓文》、《西岳华山庙碑》等,已为数寥寥,南北朝存梁《永阳王萧敷夫妇志》,他无所闻。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.元止九十年,其拓本多混称宋拓,已难区别。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">4.明拓除上述诸唐碑外,多广及汉魏六朝。今东汉名碑如《礼器碑》《乙瑛碑》《史晨前后碑》《张迁碑》等均以明拓为上驷。其明季出土如《曹全碑》之贵明拓更无论已。北碑至清中叶以后始为人所重,故明拓亦为数无多,如北魏《张猛龙碑》、隋《龙藏寺碑》《常丑奴志》之明拓均见珍于世。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">5.清拓中之旧拓,又有清初(清人日国初)及乾嘉(兼及道咸)之别。今存世碑刻颇多清初及乾嘉出土或搜获者。如汉《韩仁铭》,北魏《郑羲碑》、龙门造像诸大品、《马鸣寺根法师碑》、《高贞碑》《刁遵墓志》,东魏《敬使君碑》、《刘懿志》,唐《韩仲良碑》、《樊兴碑》等,均以清初拓或乾嘉拓为初拓,其价值不在明拓之下。若有明拓之碑刻,则乾嘉拓止称稍旧拓本,与初拓者价值高昂悬殊。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">6.清同光以来至民国时拓本,概曰近拓、新拓。除石已佚者外,多不为世重。然每有石质粗松,近数十年间又复剥泐不堪者,如《爨龙颜碑》之光绪拓本已较民国拓本多字,则此光绪拓固亦足珍贵</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)鉴别拓本新旧时代的方法:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.最可靠的是细审碑志某处文字是否缺泐,即碑贾所谓有“考据”处。前人已有专事此道者,其成果概见于《校碑随笔》及增补本中,虽未必尽属允当,大体尚可信据。惟民国以后至今日之存佚损泐,即增补本亦未能尽详,尚有待再补。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.至拓者所用纸张,宋有用麻纸者,明及清初多棉纸,其后或连史纸、或毛边纸。边远地区亦有用粗皮纸者。但凭此鉴别实不易,与纸色之新旧更无关。(尝得乾隆初拓本《韩仲良碑》,连史纸如新拓,此犹清初印本书用连史纸者至今犹洁白如新也。)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.墨色。多黑色,精者用墨,劣者用烟煤,精者椎拓,劣者刷拓。椎拓又有重墨轻墨之分,重日乌金拓,轻曰蝉翼拓。其新旧殊</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不易分别</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,有新拓置潮湿处生白霉者,亦有旧拓从未生霉者,惟乌金拓而有光者,则多清季民国时拓法。又有用朱或蓝色拓者,不多见,皆近拓也。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)名碑拓本有作伪者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.翻刻,详后节。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.拓时将缺泐之笔道填蜡,或空而不拓,自刻一小石补拓。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.用墨笔描填缺泐之字。填蜡(如《马鸣寺碑》)或补刻小石(如《石鼓文》《石门铭》总不自然,涂描则墨色有别,细审均不难发觉。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">四</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.孤本与希见本</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)孤本的含义:石尚存则不得曰孤本</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,必石已佚失,止份拓本传世者始得曰孤本。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)希见之本</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,亦必原石在明清甚至近现代时已佚失,传世拓本已无多者,其珍贵亚孤本一等。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">五</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.原石拓本与覆刻本</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)原石拓本的含义:原石拓本者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,专指有覆刻(亦日翻刻)之原石拓本而言。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)覆刻盖三类</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">:</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.原石已佚,以原石拓本仿刻一石,拓售以希善价,多墓志,以志小工省也。如清中叶所覆刻《司马绍志》《司马昞志》《王居士砖塔铭》《董美人志》等均尚近真,近人所刻《张玄志》则粗恶不堪入目。《常季繁志》等亦有近真之覆刻。然据《校碑随笔》等尚不难辨别。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.原石尚存,据少损泐之旧拓覆刻以伪造旧拓牟利者。此事多清人所为,如《礼器碑》伪刻充宋拓,《张猛龙碑》伪刻充“冬温夏凊”本,均其著者。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.原石尚存,另刻一石以应求索。如《皇甫诞碑》《九成宫醴泉铭》《多宝塔碑》与集王书《圣教序记》等均有覆刻以供学僮临写。余所见《等慈寺碑》《郑羲碑》亦有覆刻。又《龙门二十品》亦多覆刻以应购求,闻有刻于土炕上者。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)价值:凡原石已佚</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,则原石拓本自至珍贵。否则亦平平无奇。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">六</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.影印本</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)影印技术的流传:摄影术发明始有用碑刻拓本影印之事。其事始于日本</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,清末民国初日本小林忠治为名手,常为罗振玉等影印旧拓,其后我国有正书局、商务印书馆等继而为之,于是前所列宋明旧拓、乾嘉原拓、孤本、希见之本均有影印传世,其功至著。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)影印的主要类型,别详《增补校碑随笔》。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(1)照片本。摄影后按原大洗出照片即是。昔北京延光室多为之,流传以宋拓《房玄龄碑》照片为最著。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(2)珂璆版本。摄影后制珂塄版印刷。以日本博文堂所印最精,且多装裱精雅。我国则以有正书局及艺苑珍赏社印者为多,商务印书馆及故宫博物院印者为佳,故宫用乾隆旧高丽纸所印尤古雅。解放后亦有珂珝版印者。惟珂锣版每版仅能印刷二三百部,故售价高昂。至解放前中华书局之珂版则无限印刷,遂多模糊且有版片碎裂而仍印刷之事。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(3)石印本。解放前有正、中华所印最多,中华又有金属版本者,其效果与石印同,均止黑白两色,不能分浓淡,然价廉,得收普及之效。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(4)胶印本。近年通行,颇似珂璆版而可无限印,故售价廉而</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">物美</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,此法出而石印遂见淘汰。今国内廉价之印本及日本二玄社《书迹名品丛刊》,皆胶印也。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)伪造情况:影印多据旧拓、孤本</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,已如上说,然亦有用新拓讹言旧拓者,复有用墨描之本以充宋拓者,亦有误用复刻者,如有正珂璆版印所谓宋拓《张猛龙碑》《李靖碑》均经墨描,实皆明拓而已。又有以珂塄版印本染纸剪裱以充旧拓者,然字口光而平,与拓本不同,细审可辨。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">七</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.装潢</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)含义:装潢,亦曰装裱</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,是我国特技,用于书画,兼及碑拓,而碑拓装潢复有其特殊性,即不能伸之过平,否则字画将转肥成墨猪。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)形式的类别:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.整装:可存碑刻原式,是其长,不便披览临学,是其短。今多用之旧拓或孤本,不忍剪坏故也。整装法又有三种:</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(1)挂轴式,与书画挂轴同</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(2)背面裱托白纸,然后折叠,工省价廉,且便于收藏</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(3)犹恐损拓本,则仅将拓本四角粘于白纸上,不复裱托,然后折叠收藏。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.剪裱,亦曰蓑衣裱,便于观览临摹,但失原式。其装潢又有四种:</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(1)裱成单开,四周用白纸条或黄、蓝、黑纸条裱,亦有挖空镶嵌者,然后在两边粘合,亦曰蝴蝶装,但与蝴蝶装宋本书之粘处正相反。前后用厚纸板包纸或蓝布、织锦以护之,亦有用木板者,则以楠木为上,银杏易裂,红木、紫檀太重实。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(2)形似单开,实则连属,可拉成长条,日经折装或旋风装,与书本之经折装即旋风叶相同。前后用纸板、木板与单开者同。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(3)只裱一层,成单开,向外折成书本式,线装。此种工值较廉</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">(4)粘于空白册子或旧书上,可自为之而不费钱。然册厚者中间必凸起。又凡装裱均须用薄浆,不知者以厚浆粘上,日后欲揭下重装亦不可得,最杀风景。此外,亦有省费省事不事装潢者,惟折叠处日久易破裂,且易为虫鼠所伤</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">八</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.藏印题跋</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)含义:旧拓之有藏印题跋</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,亦与旧本书同。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)其常见者明有文徵明、王世贞、董其昌</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,清有孙承泽、王澍、何焯、黄易、翁方纲、王文治、阮元、吴荣光、徐渭仁、何绍基、赵之谦、孔广陶、费念慈、王懿荣、刘鹗、杨守敬、赵世骏、罗振玉等。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)伪造情况:亦有伪造题跋、藏印者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,题跋之伪者审字迹文理可辨识,藏印之伪者则刻法粗恶,印泥黯黑,可望气而定。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(四)亦有近拓而有藏印题跋者</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,如精者尚可把玩,粗恶者转损拓本,印可墨涂,题跋可撕去。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(五)旧拓无藏印题跋的情况:西安旧帖铺多乾嘉时拓售之物</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,留至今日已为旧拓而初无藏印题跋。昔年得一《爨龙颜碑》乾隆前乌金精拓,亦无藏印题跋,而大胜有刘喜海藏印题字之影印本。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><br></span></span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">碑刻学·史料价值 </span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><strong style="text-align: center;text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"></span></strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> </span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">一</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.主次</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)碑刻受人重视:碑刻除少数伪造者外</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,多第一手史料,且不若史书之经传抄刊刻而有脱讹之病,故夙为研治史学者所珍视。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)以史书为主,旁采碑刻为辅。然缘此在若干治史者中亦产生偏见</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,即重碑刻文字过于史书。即以史料而言,完整之史书亦高于零星之碑刻万万,治史者自当以史书为主,然后旁采碑刻以为辅,不宜媚俗趋时,颠倒主次。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">二</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.郡望</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)碑志开端必曰君讳某、官某某、某郡某县人也。除少数民族外</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,名字均可信据。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)郡望不尽属真实。以魏晋南北朝人重视门阀</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,即寒人亦欲假托高门,下及隋唐,其风尚未尽泯。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">三</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.世系</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)述郡望后</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,通常缕陈世系,此亦重门阀之所致。其中所陈远祖,如李必托始老子,王必托始王子晋,甚至少数民族之《爨龙颜碑》亦托始楚子文、汉班固,自全是官样文章,绝无任何史料价值可言。若述其父、祖、曾、高,则有可信有不可信。引用时均宜有所别择。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">四</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.职官。碑志所述逝者历任职官颇有可与史书互证,且多有可补史书之所遗逸。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">五</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.地理</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)碑志所记地理</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,大别有三类:</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.记逝者任地方官</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">之州郡县邑名称</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">;</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.记第宅在长安或洛阳之坊里名称;</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">3.记一墓葬在长安某原某谷诸名称。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">六</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.发微</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">碑志之性质价值</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,大体与史传相埒,以显达身后必有行状,史传、碑志多本行状撰作。然史传止传有关系人物,碑志所述人物事迹之不见史传者何可胜计。又史传所记往往省略,而碑墓志所记乃转见详实。凡此颇有重要史实为史传失记而可资发微者。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">七</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.其他</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">碑志所含史料之可资研史者自尚不止此,碑志而外石刻文字之可资采择者亦每每而有。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">如推知其时朝野信仰佛教之缘由;所记世系可资治禅宗传法史之推勘;佛寺碑刻之记天地四至常住财务者复为研治寺院经济者所珍视;绘画方面;前代圣地游览盛事;唐宦官参与政治的情况;军事;地方民族和中央的关系等。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">八</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.择本</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)旧拓孤本及旧拓之较新拓多字者宜充分利用。孤本自最可贵</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,多字者自亦胜于新拓,虽原件难遇,然多有影印本为习书法者取资,治史自可取利用。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)一般拓本</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,无抄写传刻滋生谬误之虞,亦宜利用。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">1.若于新出土碑刻止有新拓,未尝著录,更宜访求。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;">2.设已影印,如《文物》中往往有新出土之照片,亦可编一索引以资检索。至《千唐志斋藏志》则尽汇张钫藏石拓片影印成册,赵万里《汉魏六朝墓志集释》则除汇印通行拓本外更收若干孤本旧拓,有此可省访求原拓之劳。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)录文</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">不得拓本时自可利用</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,且便于检阅。录文如《金石萃编》《八琼室金石补正》等皆据拓本迻录全文。惟所据未必尽属旧拓,又拓本模糊断泐处录文多凭推测,亦颇有错误。如《金石续编》所录《爨龙颜碑》碑阴,以光绪时拓本较之,误释阙释之字乃多至十余。罗振玉《昭陵碑录》多据旧拓,录文远胜《萃编》,然以佳拓校之亦有可增补者。知不得但据此等录文便不思他求也。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">九</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.通读</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"> 欲别择引用碑刻史料</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,必通读全文。而南北朝隋唐碑刻多行以骈俪,且多用故典。缘此欲通读须有文学根底,若《昭明文选》之属尤宜循览,习于骈体文字气势法式,则读此类碑刻自少扦格。否则,断句失当,文义不明,尚何别择史料之得云。今周绍良先生主持编集唐墓志至三千余通,悉录文标点,自大有便于初学(1992年已由上海古籍出版社刊布),然终不得尽事依赖,不复于断句通读上用功夫也。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">碑刻学·书法 </span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><br></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一.碑刻与墨迹</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">:最好读前人的墨迹,但由于墨迹不便传世,因此今欲研治我国书法渊源沿革亦宜以碑刻为主,墨迹之真实可信为辅。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二.体系</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)书法有因革演变:据碑刻言书法</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,贵在溯源疏流,明其因革之究竟,切忌作浮泛肤廓、徒事赞叹之词。如包世臣《艺舟双楫》之尊崇北魏,已颇违于史实,康有为《广艺舟双辑》推波助澜,益远离真相。近人撰述之多不足观者实亦缘此。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)翰墨之事亦随气运为转移:一时代之书法自有一时代之风尚</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,而非少数大书家所能独创。欧、虞、褚、薛、颜、柳诸人,止其中之突出者,遂得称为大家、名家,且如启功先生所说,与其官高亦不无关系也。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">三</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">.秦小篆</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)籀文:小篆之前是籀文,籀文与金文稍有区别,可看秦《石鼓文》。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)小篆:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.今存的只有明安国旧藏宋拓《秦山刻石》及旧拓《琅琊台刻石》是真的,具有影印本可看,传世秦权、秦诏版虽小字亦与两刻石若合符节。至于是否诚出李斯手笔,自不必深求。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.《峄山》《会稽》两刻石则为宋元人所重开,疑已融入李阳冰以来笔法,不尽本来面目。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">四.汉隶八分</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:0;line-height:21px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(一)《汉书</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">·艺文志》谓秦始皇时“始造隶书”,隶书是小篆的简易写法,将小篆的圆笔改成方笔。今存西汉时《群臣上酵刻石》《巴州民杨量买山地刻石》《鲁孝王刻石》《廳孝禹刻石》,新莽时《莱子侯刻石》,下及东汉《裴岑记功碑》之属,字体在篆与后世所谓汉隶之间,即其时所谓隶书也。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(二)八分:东汉时小篆已少行用</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,而官样文章所使用之隶书又渐趋艺术化,遂形成有波发之隶书,而谓之“八分”。后世所谓汉隶,如东汉《乙瑛碑》《礼器碑》《西岳华山庙碑》《史晨前后碑》《韩仁铭》《曹全碑》《熹平石经》等均此种八分隶书。而曹魏时《上尊号碑》《受禅表》《孔羡碑》,西晋时《皇帝三临辟雍碑》等犹承其法。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(三)楷法、楷书</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;">:八分体以其端严可为楷模,晋南北朝时又有</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“楷法” “楷书”之称。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(四)章草、草书:楷法、楷书之书体外</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,复有仍其波发而作较为草率随意之写法。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(五)一体而有三称:晋南北朝时,隶书、八分、楷书。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">(六)一体而有四称:与草书相较</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,隶书即八分,楷书其形体较为端正,于时南北朝人又称隶书即八分、楷书为“正书”,一体而有四称。至唐又或称正书为“真书”。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(七)汉人作小篆:东汉《袁敞碑》《袁安碑》。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">五.南北朝隶楷过渡</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)过渡时期:东晋南北朝是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">八分之隶书向今之楷书转变</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">的过渡时期。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.代表作品:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《邓太尉祠碑》《广武将军碑》</span>,《爨宝子碑》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">、</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">《王兴之志》《王丹虎志》《王闽之志》《爨龙颜碑》《刘怀民志》《嵩高灵庙碑》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.特</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">点</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">摈弃八分之波发</span>,而结构用笔仍拙涩而未臻后来楷书之佳妙。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)魏碑体:过渡时期之后,字体</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">摆脱拙涩</span>,形成笔势雄强方劲之书。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.代表作品:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">北魏《崔敬邕志》《张猛龙碑》《高贞碑》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">、</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">南朝则梁之《萧敷夫妇志》《萧愴碑》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">东晋南北朝前期南北书法</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">还没有</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">差异</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(清阮元《南北书派论》非)。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)较为虚和空灵之新体:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">南北朝后期梁陈时乃出现较为虚和空灵之新体</span>,继而影响北齐,复影响北周。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">隋唐时期虽于秘书省置楷书郎员、楷书手</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,然唐人犹谓“隶书,典籍表奏及公私文疏所用”也。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.代表作品:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">北齐《徐之才志》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">、《大觉寺碑阴》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.争论:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">今所传《兰亭序》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,即此种新体书法之尤佳妙者,若曰诚出东晋时人王羲之手,总有碍事理。此问题尝别撰文深论,兹姑不赘。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)唐代</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">八分专指汉八分之隶书而言</span>,不能复与隶书、楷书通用。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(五)宋后五体之说:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋后遂专以楷书或正书、真书称今楷书</span>,隶书或八分称东汉、西晋之隶书,于是有篆、八分(或隶)、真(或正、或楷)、行、草五体之说。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(六)行书、草书、小篆:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">“行书”是楷书之稍草率者,若今《兰亭序》即是,南北朝至隋均不以书碑刻。草书则由有波发之章草转变无波发之“今草”,其转变亦在南北朝后期,唐以前亦不以书碑刻。小篆在南北朝隋至唐初中衰,其时碑额有作篆体者率拙恶不中程可证。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">六、隋唐楷书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)隋朝:初步定型,分为两体:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.一仍北齐之虚和空灵,如《龙藏寺碑》《龙华寺碑》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.一点画方严,如《元公志》《姬夫人志》《苏孝慈志》《董美人志》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)初唐楷书:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.欧阳询;前朝旧体,无大影响。作品:《九成宫醴泉铭》《温彦博碑》《皇甫诞碑》《化度寺邕禅师塔铭》</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.虞世南:覆刻不佳,唐拓亦无过人之处,盖虞世南擅长行草而非楷书。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.初唐楷书优秀的作品:王知敬《李靖碑》、髙正臣《杜君绰碑》、于立政《于志宁碑》、窦怀哲《兰陵长公主碑》、诸葛思桢《李孝同碑》为正宗,褚遂良尤为杰出。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.褚、薛之名:褚书所存以《盂法师碑》《伊阙佛龛碑》为端丽,而《房玄龄碑》雁塔《圣教序记》更见流美。学其端丽者有未题书人《李文志》,习其流美者则魏栖梧《善才寺碑》与薛稷《信行禅师碑》。薛实不能于褚字外别立一体,徒以官高遂得并称褚、薛耳。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)盛唐到肃代朝:由之前的瘦硬转变为肥腴。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.作品:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">苏灵芝《梦真容碑》《铁弥勒象颂》、王缙《王忠嗣碑》、徐浩《不空和尚碑》均作斯体</span>,而颜真卿则允推此体之领袖。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.颜真卿:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">颜书《多宝塔碑》在天宝时</span>,尚未臻成熟,成熟之作为《郭氏家庙碑》《臧怀恪碑》《麻姑山仙坛记》《中兴颂》《八关斋报德记》《宋璟碑》《颜氏家庙碑》等,然多经磨剜失真,甚或原石佚失,惟《颜勤礼碑》于民国初出土,能存颜书之真。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.柳公权:有</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">《大达法师玄秘塔碑》《神策军碑》《金刚经》等传世</span>,然遒紧有余,壮丽不足,实不足称大家,于后世亦鲜影响。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)其他字体</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1.行书:唐太宗开始,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">以行书书碑</span>,今存《晋祠铭》已经磨剜,惟《温泉铭》残拓能得其真。其后高宗书《李勣碑》、武则天书《升仙太子碑》、李邕书《李思训碑》《李秀碑》《麓山寺碑》等,皆行书书碑之佳妙者。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2.草书:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">怀素在今草基础上又创狂草</span>,碑林存覆刻《重修东陵圣母宫碑》残文之《东陵圣母帖》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.隶书:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">唐人亦喜作八分书</span>,后世称之曰“唐隶”。如玄宗书《石台孝经》、梁昇卿书《御史台精舍碑》、史维则书《大智禅师碑》等,均体态丰腴,结构端庄,较《熹平石经》等东汉八分更进一层。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4.小篆:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">小篆则中唐前期之李阳冰为异军突起</span>,所书《缙云县城隍庙记》《三坟记》《栖先茔记》等一洗六朝篆书之鄙陋,较秦篆有出蓝之胜。后人作小篆实不能出李阳冰及传为李斯所作秦篆之范围,所谓“上追斯冰”是已。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">七.附宋以后书</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋以后人书颇存墨迹</span>,不尽凭碑刻以传。然欲明其流变,不得不略事疏说,以附碑刻书法之末。褚正颜变,宋以后书法大体不出此两家笼罩。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(一)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">北宋:苏、黄、米、蔡。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">苏:苏轼书</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">《丰乐亭记》《醉翁亭记》《司马温公碑》自用颜体而稍有变化。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">黄:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">黄庭坚</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">书</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">《伯夷叔齐庙碑》与宋徽宗瘦金体皆学褚而参柳公权法。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">米:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">米芾不作楷书</span>,行草远绍所谓王羲之、献之书。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">蔡:蔡实为</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">蔡京、卞兄弟</span>,后人以蔡襄易之。襄书《万安桥记》《昼锦堂记》纯是颜法,京则早年学襄学徐浩,后乃自成体,与卞均以行书称而不作楷。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(二)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">元朝:鲜习颜书,主学褚法。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">赵孟頫:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">元人则鲜习颜书</span>,赵孟颗书冠冕一世,实承褚法,其余若鲜于枢、柯九思、倪瓒、张雨辈悉与赵书相近,皆从褚出也。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(三)明朝:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">此风至明尚未泯</span>,明初沈度、沈粲兄弟创明馆阁体而为赵、褚嗣音。正嘉时祝允明、文征明辈仍无大变化。晚明董其昌始转而学颜,行书尚秀润,作楷乃多伤板滞。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(四)清朝:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">清书法家可分两派</span>,张照、刘镛习颜,王文治、梁同书法褚。至中叶包世臣始创习北魏书,然实非正轨,清季以北魏书著称者如赵之谦、陶濬宣辈徒见矫揉庸陋,益无足观。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">宋以后行草篆隶无大发展。与包世臣同时代之邓石如以行笔写小篆</span>,吴让之继之,尚有别趣,清季吴大澂以李阳冰法写金文,亦能自创格局,较吴昌硕之草写《石鼓文》终有雅郑之别。</span></p><hr style="border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 0 0;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-webkit-transform-origin: 0 0;-webkit-transform: scale(1, 0.5);transform-origin: 0 0;transform: scale(1, 0.5);"><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">作者:<span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: right;">不确定uncertain</span><br></span></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">编辑:不确定uncertain</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1px;widows: 1;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><br></section><section style="margin: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 2em;"><span 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