《古文献学讲义》笔记1：目录学-前言、经部
<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-paragraph-type="ignored" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 11px;height: 16px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -7.1px;margin-bottom: -5.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="image"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">古文献学讲义·目录学（前言和经部）思维导图</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: left;">不确定uncertain制作</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="image"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-size: 18px;">目录学·前言</span><span style=""></span></p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align:center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-size: 16px;font-family: 宋体;"></span></span></strong></p><p style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 17px;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第一节 为什么要讲目录学</span></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">一．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">什么叫目录？（目录的含义）</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">目录（现代含义）：书开头列出的各章各节或各篇的名目。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">（二）</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">目录（传统含义）：指书名、篇章名和其内容提要。</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">目：只指罗列的篇名、章名或书名。</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">录：指该篇、该章、该书的内容提要。</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．讲哪种目录学？（目录学的含义）</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）不同研究对象和内容的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“目录学”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">图书馆</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">学系讲授的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“目录学”。将如何编制图书馆用的卡片目录和书本式目录的学问。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">我国</span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">目录学史</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“目录学”。从最早的刘歆的《七略》讲起，把历朝公私书目的编制及其优缺点等详详细细地写出来。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">讲古人的著作（通称为古籍或古书）流传至今有多少明目品种，也就是如上所说把古籍的“目”告诉大家。同时，还告诉大家这些书是什么时代什么背景下谁撰写的，写了哪些主要内容，当时写了想起什么作用，换句话说，还要把此书的内容提要写出来让大家知道，也就是不仅有“目”还得有“录”。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">这种</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“目录学”才是学习和研究古代文史、古文献者迫切需要掌握的学问。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三．这种目录学的作用？（目录学的作用）</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> 科研和实践需要古代文史者接触文献和利用文献。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">对古代的、已成历史陈迹的你就无法参加，也无法找那时的当事人做调查研究，那就只好利用或借重古人留下的以古籍为主体的种种文献。通过对这些文献的阅读，通过对这些文献的去粗存精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的研究整理，达到弄清楚古代文史的目的。这就是探讨古代文史者的实践，也就是通常所说的科研。很明显，这种科研或实践的首要之点就在于接触文献和利用文献。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 17px;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第二节 怎样讲目录学</span></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">一．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">哪些算是古籍？</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">古籍的<strong>含义：</strong>专指我国古代的用文字书写的，且要编成卷册，供人阅读、查看以及作其他用途的书。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）</span><strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">古籍产生的上限和下限。</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">上限：</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“书”的正式出现在春秋时候。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">下限：大体可划到清代末年辛亥革命的时候。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1912</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">年以后问世的以传统形式撰集且和以前古籍性质相近的，也可划归古籍领域。给古籍作校勘、注释、辑佚等整理的，仍不失其为古籍。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">二．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">怎样给古籍分类</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">——经史子集四部分类法。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">三．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">怎样给古籍作介绍</span></strong></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">“目录学”不仅要讲古籍的“目”，还要介绍古籍的内容，即给古籍作“录”，具体点就是讲此书是什么时代什么背景下谁撰写的，有哪些主要内容，写了想起什么作用，今天应如何加以利用。</span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><p style="margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></span></strong></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 33px;height: 9px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: center;margin-bottom: -4.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 5px 13px 4px 17px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(113, 163, 196);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #5A8EB3;line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid="">目录学·经部</p></section><section style="width: 19px;height: 21px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -6.1px;margin-top: -18.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 17px;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第一节 概说</span></strong></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一．怎样讲经部</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）传统的四部法：按易、书、诗、礼等来分经部的经学书的。缺点在于各个时代有不同的经学趋向，势必在</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“易”类讲完经学趋向之后，在“书”类还要按照经学趋向再讲一遍“书”类，故而出现大量重复劳动。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）讲经部的办法：先讲经学的产生，再按其发展演变划分几个阶段，在讲了该阶段的经学趋向后再讲各经经注和有关著作。小学类则仍四部分类之旧放在经部最后来讲。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．主要参考书。</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">吕诚之（思勉）的《经子解题》、梁启超《要籍解题及其读法》、梁启超《古书真伪及其年代》、钱玄同《答顾颉刚先生书》（收入《古史辨》第一册）和《重论经今古文学问题》（收入《古史辨》第五册）皮锡瑞《经学历史》。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 17px;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;font-family: 宋体;">第二节 经的起源和内容性质</span></strong></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">一．儒家和经的起源</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）古代社会的发展</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">西周和春秋是封建领主制社会，战国是封建地主制社会。底层人从农奴变成需要交税的人，自由了一点。社会进步，思想意识领域也产生变化。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;">（为什么由封建领主制社会到封建地主制社会，社会就进步了？作者这一点没有详细点明。）</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）儒家的产生：把知识从领主制时的惯于装神弄鬼的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“祝史”们</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">手中解放出来，于是出现了</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“有教无类”、广收弟子以传播学识的孔子，产生了“儒家”学派。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）经的起源：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">人们在春秋的时候将孔子的教材认为是“书”，到了战国，儒家后学们才称之为“经”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“经”的本义，只是指文笔简练的东西。儒家、道家、墨家都有经。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">儒家学说自西汉起被定为官学，进而儒家的“经”随之神秘起来，成为一切人生道德、统治法则的源泉。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">二．孔子和六经</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）大概到战国以至西汉初年，才流行孔子用《六经》教学的说法。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）《庄子》、《史记》中对孔子用《六经》教学的说法不可信，较可信的为论语。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）所以现在只能说：孔子是用原有的《诗》《书》作为教材来教弟子</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">原有的礼和乐也用来教学</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但乐只有乐谱</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">礼也只是节目单之类</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不能说就是后来相传的《仪礼》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这些在后面还要谈到。至于《易》和《春秋》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是孔门后学认作儒学经典的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">和孔子本人不能说有什么关系。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">至于《易》，有一条是：</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">“子曰：加我数年，五十以学《易》，可以无大过矣”，这“亦”字改成“易”，自是西汉时孔子以《六经》教学之说流行后被人们妄改的。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三．传和记</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）传的含义：解释经的，在战国秦汉时都叫</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“传”，大体产生较早，已久著于竹帛。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）说的含义：解释经的，大体产生较晚，还由口耳相传以后才著于竹帛的叫做</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“说”。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）记的含义：</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“记”本来是指史籍，指典礼的记述，是“经”以外的古书。在汉代，人们也把它作为古书的通称。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（四）特别之处：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">因为“传”是随着“经”流传的，所以在汉代往往把某个“经”的“传”也叫成这个“经”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">有些儒家的书，因为不被认为是孔子用来教学的“经”，如《论语》《孝经》，汉人也称之为“传”。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">四．诗</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）《诗》中的诗如何编成的？</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">统治者撰写的在宗庙里演奏的诗</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">+</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">社会上流行之后被统治者采集的诗（宴会赋诗中的诗）。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这些诗不可能是农奴创作的，而是由统治者以及其下层人士撰写的。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）《诗》编定的时间？</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">很可能在孔子以前已经编定。《史记》中的“古者诗三千余篇</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">及至孔子去其重”的话靠不住。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）风雅颂的含义？</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">同顾颉刚认为和乐器与音调之不同有关。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《毛诗序》中的解释是汉儒后起之说而非《风》《雅》《颂》的本义。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">五．书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）《今文尚书》</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">相传是西汉文帝时秦博土伏生献上的。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">共二十八篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）“虞书”：《尧典》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">包括今本《舜典》在内</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但无《舜典》篇首二十八字</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">),</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《皋陶谟》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">包括今本《益稷》在内</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">);</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“夏书”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《禹贡》《甘誓》；</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）“商书”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《汤誓》《盘庚》《高宗肜日》《西伯戡黎》《微子》；</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">）“周书”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《牧誓》《洪范》《金滕》《大诰》《康诰》《酒诰》《梓材》《召诰》《洛诰》《多士》《无逸》《君奭》《多方》《立政》《顾命》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">包括今本《康王之诰》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《费誓》《吕刑》《文侯之命》《秦誓》。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">史料价值：同顾颉刚。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">第一组</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">(十三篇):《盘庚》《大诰》《康诰》《酒诰》《梓材》《召诰》《洛诰》《多士》《多方》《吕刑》《文侯之命》《费誓》《秦誓》。这一组,在思想上、文字上,都可信为真。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">第二组</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">(十二篇):《甘誓》《汤誓》《高宗肜日》《西伯戡黎》《微子》《牧誓》《洪范》《金滕》《无逸》《君奭》《立政》《顾命》。这一组,有的是文体平顺、不似古文,有的是人治观念很重,不似那时的思想。这或者是后世的伪作,或者是史官的追记,或者是真古文经过翻译,均说不定,不过决不是东周间的作品。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">第三组</span><span style="font-family:楷体;">(三篇):《尧典》《皋陶谟》《禹贡》。这一组决是战国至秦汉间的伪作,与那时诸子学说有相连的关系。那时拟《书》的很多,这三篇是其中最好的。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）今本《尚书》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">=</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《十三经注疏》里的《尚书》和宋蔡沈《书集传》所用的《尚书》。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是东晋时豫章内史梅赜</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">也作梅颐</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">献上的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">附有孔安国注</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">即所谓孔安国传的本子。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">共五十八篇。比起《今文尚书》增加了二十五篇。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">增加的二十五篇和孔安国传都是伪造的。《伪古文尚书》《伪孔传》。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）《今文尚书》第一手史料，有用，《伪古文尚书》绝对不能用，不过注解有一定参考价值。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">六．附逸周书</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）也叫《周书》，原有七十篇，佚失十篇。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）并非孔子删《书》之余。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）多有用资料，要善于择取。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">七．仪礼</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）《周礼》（古文）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">></span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《礼记》（今文）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">></span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《仪礼》（今文）</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）西汉时《五经》中的《礼》指的是高堂生所传的《仪礼》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）共十七篇，戴德、戴圣、刘向《别录》的编次都不一样，今本从《别录》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">但戴德的实较合理。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（四）应是战国时人整理出来的礼的节目单。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（五）对研究当时的社会、民俗有用。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">八．礼记</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）《礼记》是把若干有关礼的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“传”和“记”汇集成书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">所以书名也只叫《礼记》。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）两个传本：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《大戴礼记》：八十五篇</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《小戴礼记》：四十九篇。是马融、卢植核定的（童书业）。此本通行。《礼记》指的是《小戴礼记》。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）《礼记》读起来比称为</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“经”的《仪礼》更有意义</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">所以后来就升格为“经”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">而且取代《仪礼》成为《五经》之一。今天用来了解先秦的社会习俗也极有用处。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">九．附大戴礼记</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）共八十五篇，传世有四十篇，即第三十九至第四十二篇和第四十六至第八十一篇。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）《大戴礼记》中关于</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“曾子”的作品当是《汉书·艺文志》著录《曾子》十八篇的残余。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）《五帝德》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是撰写《史记·五帝本纪》的蓝本。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十．周礼</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）记述官制的书，共有六篇六大系统，即天官冢宰、地官司徒、春官宗伯、夏官司马、秋官司寇、冬官缺失</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是用《考工记》补的。在每个系统下面分设若干官员</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">并分别记述他们的职责。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）编制时间的不同观点：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">古文家：西周初年周公编制的</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">2. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">王莽和刘歆伪造的，钱穆否定。</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">钱穆、郭沫若：战国时候的作品</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">为什么战国时代会产生具有全国规模的著作？如《周礼》、《禹贡》、《山海经》。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">我认为这是由于到战国时人们已普遍产生统一中国的要求</span>,于是为统后作各种安排的著作就应运而生。《周礼》是讲统一后的官职,《禹贡》是讲统一后的疆界物产,就连《山海经》也是讲统一后的祭祀安排。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">十一．</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">附乐</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）虽然战国末年如《庄子</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">·天运》有所谓孔子“治《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》六经”之说</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其实并无什么《乐经》。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）《乐记》二十三篇可能是讲乐的理论</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">和保存在《礼记》中的《乐记》是一回事。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（三）《诗经》时提到过的《雅琴赵氏》《雅琴师氏》《雅琴龙氏》</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">则应是乐谱。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十二．易</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（一）殷周的迷信活动具有不同方法</span> </span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">殷商：用龟卜</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">用龟的腹甲或牛的肩胛骨烧灼了来预测吉凶。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">周：周人则用筮占</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">用一种蓍草来预测吉凶。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）《易传》，合称为</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“十翼”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）四圣之《易》是假的。</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">据顾颉刚师《周易卦爻辞中的故事》</span>(收入《古史辨》第三册)考证,“《易经》(即卦爻辞)的著作时代在西周”,“《易传》的著作时代至早不得过战国,迟则在西汉中叶</span><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;">”。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（四）参考书：《占卜的源流》容肇祖</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十三．春秋经</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）孔子和《春秋经》无关。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）《春秋经》是由《鲁春秋》删削修订成书的，但作此工作的不是孔子，大概还是出之战国时孔门后学之手吧。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）参考书：童书业《春秋左传研究》、顾颉刚《春秋三传及国语之综合研究》。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十四．左传</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）作者：左丘明（传统说法）或吴起（童书业）。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）《左传》（古文）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">></span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《公羊传》（今文）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">></span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《谷梁传》（今文）</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十五．公羊传</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）《公羊传》就是给《春秋经》作政治理论解说的传。其中引用了许多先师的解说。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">问题：为什么称《公羊传》呢</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">?</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">如果最后由这位姓公羊的学者论定</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">怎么能自称“子公羊子”呢</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">?</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">这个疑问至今还无从解答。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）是研究我国古代政治思想史的好资料。如果研究春秋史，可以补充《左传》的地方很少。</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十六．谷梁传</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）价值最少。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">（二）顾颉刚、钱玄同：可能是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">“公羊”之音幻化出来的。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十七．论语</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）何晏作《集解》，被《十三经注疏》采。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）作者：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">钱玄同：最初是曾子门人弟子所述孔子之言行。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">康有为：“曾子垂教于鲁</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">其传当以鲁为宗。”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">崔述：《论语馀说》及近人的考证</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">《论语》二十篇中前十篇比较可靠</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">记孔子的话都称“子曰”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">后十篇则多称“孔子曰”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">可靠程度就差些。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">传统：孔子弟子所作。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十八．孝经</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）创作时间：</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">黄永年：是儒家《六经》之类的说法流行后撰写的（黄永年）</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">吕诚之：根据《吕氏春秋》曾引用此书，认为它还是古籍。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">有的学者则认为它作于西汉时。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">十九．尔雅</span></strong></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family:楷体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:楷体;">吕诚之师《经子解题》解《尔雅》时指出</span>:“今此书训诂,几全同《毛传》,释乐同《周官·大司乐》,九州异《禹贡》而同《周官》则古学既出后之物。”</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">二十</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">孟子</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（一）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">共七篇</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（二）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">北宋时期上升为《十三经》之一。南宋朱熹将其收进《四书》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">（三）</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">要弄懂中国的传统思想</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体;">《孟子》一书不可不读。</span></span></p><hr style="border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 0 0;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-webkit-transform-origin: 0 0;-webkit-transform: scale(1, 0.5);transform-origin: 0 0;transform: scale(1, 0.5);"><p><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;"></span></span><br></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;"> 本篇内容是<strong style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">《古文献学讲义》目录·前言和目录·经部的第一节概说和第二节</span></span></strong></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">经的起源和内容性质</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><strong>，</strong>下次推送《古文献学讲义》目录·经部的</span><strong style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第三节经今古文学、</span></strong><strong style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第四节义疏之学、</span></strong><strong style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第五节宋元经学、</span></strong><span style="text-align: center;font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第六节</span><strong style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">清人经学和</span></strong><span style="text-align: center;font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">第六节</span><strong style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">小学。</span></strong></span></strong></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0;text-align:center;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="body"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">作者：<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: right;">不确定uncertain</span><br></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="body"><span style="font-size: 10px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;">编辑：不确定uncertain</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1px;widows: 1;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="body"><br></p><p style="margin: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;" mpa-paragraph-type="body"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;"><strong style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 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