《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》的区别和关系
<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><section style="line-height: normal;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section data-mpa-category="模板" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0 10px;padding: 37px 13px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="align-self: flex-end;margin: 9px 0;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: flex-start;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-top: 10px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: flex-start;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;align-items: flex-start;margin-right: 10px;width: 240px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-top: 10px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="z-index: 1;border-radius: 5px;padding: 3px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(150, 147, 218);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-radius: 5px;padding: 6px 18px;background: #eae9ff;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 15px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular, PingFang SCcolor: rgb(51, 51, 51);line-height: 20px;line-break: anywhere;margin: 0px;" data-mid=""><br></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-style-id="24684" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-top: -15px;border-bottom: 1px solid #7198b3;border-top: 1px solid #7198b3;border-right-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-right-color: #7198b3;border-left-color: #7198b3;padding: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="letter-spacing: 2px;text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span></p><p><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 3px;text-align: center;">【小tips】：</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(246, 160, 181);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 3px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 14px;text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);"><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;">红色：重点内容</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(246, 160, 181);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 3px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 14px;text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;color: rgb(0, 209, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;">绿色：有争议</strong></span></p><p><br></p></section><section style="margin-top:-20px;text-align: right;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-right:30px;display:inline-block;transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-ms-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="margin-left:auto;width:4em;background-color:#fefefe;"> </p></section></section></section></section><section mpa-from-tpl="t"><p><br></p></section></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> “礼”、“礼记”、“礼经”、“周礼”、”周官“等名词的含义在先秦至东汉时期发生了变化，再加上《三礼》的内容比较难读，导致大家往往搞不懂《三礼》之间的区别和关系是什么，</span>今天我们就来尝试解答这个问题~</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 80%;height: 46px;background: rgb(202, 200, 225);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);margin-bottom: -35.1px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;align-self: flex-start;margin-bottom: -6px;margin-left: 8px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: -12.1px;align-self: flex-end;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 7px 24px 6px 23px;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #887AB0;line-height: 22px;" data-mid="">一、《三礼》之名产生的过程</p></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;align-self: flex-start;margin-top: -12.1px;margin-left: 8px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;margin-right: 8px;margin-top: -6px;align-self: flex-end;margin-bottom: 8px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 48px;margin-right: 48px;"><br></p><p style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 48px;margin-right: 48px;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">《史记·儒林传》说:“诸学者多言礼，而鲁高堂生最本。《礼》固自孔子时而其经不具，及至秦焚书，书散亡益多，于今独有《士礼》，高堂生能言之。”</span></p><section><span style="font-size: 14px;"> 西汉时，只有高堂生所传的《士礼》，此时《士礼》又被称为《礼》或《礼经》，也就是后世认为的《仪礼》。《汉书·艺文志》著录《礼经》，也仅指《仪礼》，《礼记》在百三十篇之记中，《周官经》别附于后。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">因此，西汉时人，仅认《仪礼》为《礼经》，在“三礼”中的位置最高。而现在所称的《礼记》，是指西汉戴圣所编的四十九篇《小戴礼记》。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">十九篇《礼记》与之前的十七篇《礼经》容易产生混淆，因此，后起的四十九篇《礼记》的名字便替代了原来的十七篇《礼经》，《礼经》变名为《仪礼》。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> 《周礼》之名在先秦至东汉时期也发生了变化。先秦时，《左传》中常提及的《周礼》，可能是周公的旧典，不一定是今日的《周礼》。现在的《周礼》，大约出现于战国时期。西汉司马迁在《史记·封禅书》称为《周官》，班固在《汉书·艺文志》称为《周官经》，隋唐《汉书·艺文志》的<span style="font-size: 14px;">颜氏古注</span>中称为《周官礼》，东汉荀悦在《汉纪》中称为《礼经》。王莽时，因刘歆奏请，《周官》被列入学官，更名为《周礼》。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> 因此，关于“礼”的著作便有四十九篇《礼记》、十七篇《仪礼》与《周礼》三种。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">后来郑玄为三个著作作注释，因此便有了《三礼》之名。</span></strong></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></span></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 80%;height: 46px;background: rgb(202, 200, 225);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);margin-bottom: -35.1px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(237, 233, 242);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;align-self: flex-start;margin-bottom: -6px;margin-left: 8px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(237, 233, 242);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: -12.1px;align-self: flex-end;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 7px 24px 6px 23px;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #887AB0;line-height: 22px;" data-mid="">二、分述《三礼》的成书过程、内容和注本</p></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(237, 233, 242);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;align-self: flex-start;margin-top: -12.1px;margin-left: 8px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(237, 233, 242);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 122, 176);border-radius: 50%;margin-right: 8px;margin-top: -6px;align-self: flex-end;margin-bottom: 8px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><br></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></strong></span></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);border-radius: 50%;align-self: center;transform: translateX(15px);z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="border-radius: 42px 0px 0px 42px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);padding: 2px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 4px 15px 2px 25px;border-radius: 75px 0px 0px 75px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(131, 148, 165);line-height: 22px;text-align: left;" data-mid="">（一）《周礼》</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><br></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>1.成书过程（有争议）</strong><br></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;"><strong>（1）成书时代：</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 《周礼》在西汉时期是突然被发现的，没有师承关系可考，先秦文献也没有提到此书，因此《周礼》的成书年代是有争议的。历代学者为此开展了旷代持久的争论，形成了不同说法，包括西周说、春秋说、战国说、秦汉之际说、汉初说、王莽伪作说等。今天多数学者认为《周礼》成书于战国时期。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（2）成书过程：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 最早发现《周礼》的记载，见于《汉书·河间献王传》。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 48px;margin-right: 48px;"><span style="font-size: 13px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 贾公彦《周礼正义序》载：“《周官》孝武之时始出，秘而不传”；“既出于山岩屋壁，复入于秘府，五家之儒莫得见焉。至孝成皇帝，达才通人刘向、子歆校理秘书，始得列序，著于《录》《略》。然亡其《冬官》一篇，以《考工记》足之”。</span></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 《周官》直到刘向、刘歆父子校理秘府文献才发现，并加以著录，东汉初注家蜂起。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">到东汉末，经学大师郑玄为之作注，《周礼》一跃而居“三礼”之首。</span></strong></section><p style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 48px;margin-right: 48px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 13px;">郑玄《周礼注疏序》云：“世祖以来，通人达士大中大夫郑少赣名兴，及子大司农仲师名众，故议郎卫次仲，侍中贾君景伯，南郡太守马季长，皆作《周礼解诂》。”</span></p><section><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">关于《周礼》的成书问题</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">，是历来经学家争论得最为激烈的问题之一，约有</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">五种说法</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">：</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ①汉武帝时发现（唐贾公彦《周礼义疏》序《周礼》兴废引《马融传》）</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ②汉代河间献王所得（《汉书·河间献王传》）</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ③汉代河间献王时李氏所得（唐陆德明《经典释文序录》引或说）</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ④与《古文尚书》等同时发现于孔壁（唐孔颖达《礼记正义》《曲礼篇》引汉郑玄《六艺论》）</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ⑤与《逸礼》同为孔安国所献。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 清孙诒让《周礼正义》认为四、五两说虚妄，不足凭信；一、二、三说也参差不同。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong>2.内容</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（1）共六篇：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">《天官·冢宰》、《地官·司徒》、《春官·宗伯》、《夏官·司马》、《秋官·司寇》、《冬官·百工》（已亡佚，补以《冬官·考工记》）。《周礼》记述官制的书，在每个系统下面分设若干官员,并分别记述他们的职责。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 209, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（2）内容的真实性（有争议）</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"></span></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 关于《周礼》的真伪和成书年代问题成为聚讼千年的公案。《周礼》成书时代和过程的可疑之处已见上文，</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">关于《周礼》内容的怀疑，吕思勉在《经子解题》中认为不出三派：</span></strong></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ①《周礼》内容非常详密，只有周公才能做到。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ②《周礼》内容过于烦碎，不能实行，因此不是周公所作。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ③是周公所定，但并没有实行，或者是因为立法必须详尽，但实行的时候可不必一时尽行。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 汉武帝曾说《周礼》“渎乱不验”，何休认为是六国阴谋。吕思勉认为，”渎乱“是指《周礼》有杂凑之谓，正指其矛盾之处；”不验“是指《周礼》的内容与群经不合；而《周礼》与《管子》这种道、法、纵横诸家之言类似，因此何休称为是阴谋之书。因此《周礼》与《礼经》，没有干涉，也并非成周旧典，“盖系战国时人，杂采前此典制成之。”但《周礼》亦有其宝贵之处，即“此书虽然渎乱，但必皆以旧制为据。”</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 李学勤在《周易溯源》中也指出：“《周礼》是西汉早年重新出现的先秦旧籍，本来是很清楚的，但此书在汉代已遭一部分学者排斥，后世怀疑的人更多，甚至以为是刘歆伪作。清代以来，一些著作进行了细密的考证，如汪中、陈丰、孙诒让、刘师培、陈汉章等，提出许多证据说明《周礼》的可据。”“实际上，凡是研究中国古代历史文化的学者，尽管对《周礼》如何诟病，他们的作品总是在不同程度上引据《周礼》，罕有例外。近几年，由于金文研究的进展，有更多的人认识到《周礼》的价值。”</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong>3.注本</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（1）旧疏皆好：贾公彦《周礼注疏》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（2）清人新疏：孙诒让《周礼正义》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（3）初学者、爱好者：林尹《周礼今注今译》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"><br></span></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);border-radius: 50%;align-self: center;transform: translateX(15px);z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="border-radius: 42px 0px 0px 42px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);padding: 2px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 4px 15px 2px 25px;border-radius: 75px 0px 0px 75px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #8394A5;line-height: 22px;" data-mid="">（二）《仪礼》</p></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 209, 0);"><strong>1.成书过程（有争议）</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 西汉时，高堂生所传的《士礼》即今之《仪礼》。关于《仪礼》的作者问题，在古文学派中，认为《仪礼》和《周礼》都是周公所作（参见贾公彦《仪礼疏》）；在今文学派中，认为《仪礼》是孔子所定（参见皮锡瑞《三礼通论》）。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong>2.内容</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（1）共十七篇：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">《士冠礼》、《士昏礼》、《士相见礼》、《乡饮酒礼》、《乡射礼》、《燕礼》、《大射仪》、《聘礼》、《公食大夫礼》、《觐礼》、《丧服》、《士丧礼》、《既夕礼》、《士虞礼》、《特牲馈食礼》、《少牢馈食礼》、有司》。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 209, 0);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 209, 0);font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（2）关于《仪礼》的完缺问题有争议</span></strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 古文学家主张《逸礼》是汉武帝时与《古文尚书》同发现于孔子住宅的壁中，虽然《逸礼》现今已佚，但《逸礼》三十九篇可信，因此认为现存的《仪礼》十七篇是秦火的残余；今文学派主张十七篇已经是所有的《仪礼》（邵懿辰《礼经通论》）。但此问题因《逸礼》已佚，所以无从考证。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">3.注本：</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（1）旧疏皆好：贾公彦《仪礼注疏》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（2）清人新疏：胡培翚《仪礼正义》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（3）古书的事例散见各处，比较难读，可以读以类别来编次的朱熹《仪礼经传通解》、江永之《礼书纲目》。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></span></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);border-radius: 50%;align-self: center;transform: translateX(15px);z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="border-radius: 42px 0px 0px 42px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);padding: 2px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 4px 15px 2px 25px;border-radius: 75px 0px 0px 75px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(131, 148, 165);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, PingFang SC;font-weight: bold;color: #8394A5;line-height: 22px;" data-mid="">（三）《礼记》</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><br></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong>1.成书过程</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（1）成书时间和作者：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">在《三礼》中，《礼记》的成书最晚，为西汉戴圣所编纂，共四十九篇。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;color: rgb(0, 209, 0);">（2）小戴所作《小戴礼记》是否是从《大戴礼记》中删除一部分所得的？（有争议）</span></strong></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> 最早的目录书籍《汉书·艺文志》中只有“《记》，百三十一篇”的记载，班固注：“七十子后学者所记也”。东汉郑玄《六艺论》：“戴德传《记》八十五篇，则《大戴礼》是也；戴圣传《礼》四十九篇，则此《礼记》是也。”，此时开始分别二者的篇数。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ①《小戴礼记》是从《大戴礼记》中删一部分所得。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> a.开始有小戴戴圣删《大戴礼记》而成《小戴礼记》的说法。</span></section><p style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 48px;margin-right: 48px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 13px;"> 唐初，陆德明《经典释文序录》引晋司空长史陈邵《周礼论序》说：“戴德删古礼二百四篇为八十五篇，谓之《大戴礼》。戴圣删《大戴礼》为四十九篇，是为《小戴礼》。后汉马融、卢植考诸家同异，附戴圣篇章，去其繁重及听叙略，而行于世，即今之《礼记》是也。”</span></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> b.开始有小戴删《大戴礼记》从四十六篇被马融增加三篇变为四十九篇的主张。</span></section><p style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 48px;margin-right: 48px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 13px;"> 《隋书·经籍志》：“汉末，马融……又定《月令》一篇，《明堂位》一篇，《乐记》一篇，合四十九篇。”</span></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ②《小戴礼记》不是从《大戴礼记》中删一部分所得。</span></strong><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">直到清代，学者们才开始力驳小</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">戴删大戴的话。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;"> a.马融增加三篇的看法不可靠。</span></strong><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;"></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">戴震认</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">为刘向《别录》已说《礼记》四十九篇，小戴弟子桥仁已撰《礼记章句》四十九篇，则马融增益三篇的主张绝不可靠。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> b.《小戴礼记》其实正合《大戴礼记》的篇数。</span></strong><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;">钱大昕认为《小戴记》四十九篇，《曲礼》、《檀弓》、《杂记》皆以简策重多，分为上下，实止四十六篇，合《大戴记》八十五篇，正合百三十一的数目，所以《小戴记》并非删《大戴记》而成。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong>2.内容</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;text-align: center;"></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 41, 65);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"> 《礼记》读起来比称为“经”的《仪礼》更有意义,所以后来就升格为“经”,而且取代《仪礼》成为《五经》之一。</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">今天用来了解先秦的社会习俗也极有用处。</span></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 41, 65);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 41, 65);font-size: 14px;"> 《礼记》一书的内容，梁启超在其《礼记题解》中分为五类：</span></strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ①通论礼意和学术思想的，如《礼运》、《经解》、《乐记》、四十《学记》、《大学》、《中庸》、《儒行》、《坊记》、《裘记》和《缁衣》等篇；</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ②解释《仪礼》十七篇的专篇，如《冠义》、《昏义》、《乡饮酒义》、《射义》、《燕义》、《聘义》和《丧服四制》等篇；</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ③记载孔子言行或孔门及时人杂事的，如《孔子闲居》、《仲尼燕居》、《檀弓》和《曾子问》等篇；</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ④记古代制度礼节，带有考证性质的，如《王制》、《曲礼》、《玉藻》、《明堂位》、《月令》、《郊特牲》、《祭统》、《祭法》、《大传》、《丧大记》、《丧服大记》、《奔丧》、《问丧》、《间丧》、《文王世子》、《内则》和《少仪》等篇；</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"> ⑤古代格言的记录，如《曲礼》、《少仪》、《儒行》等篇的一部分。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong>3.注本：</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（1）旧疏皆好：孔颖达《礼记正义》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（2）清人新疏：朱彬《礼记训纂》、孙希旦《礼记集解》</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">（3）初学者、爱好者：王梦鸥《礼记今注今译》</span></section><hr style="border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 0 0;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-webkit-transform-origin: 0 0;-webkit-transform: scale(1, 0.5);transform-origin: 0 0;transform: scale(1, 0.5);"><section style="line-height: normal;"> </section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: center;"> 参考材料：</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: center;">吕思勉，《经子解题》，华东师范大学出版社，1995年版。<br></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: center;">黄永年，《古文献学四讲》，鹭江出版社，2003年版。<br></span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: center;">梁启超，《要籍解题及其读法》，岳麓书社，2010年版。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: center;">徐喜辰，《说<周礼><仪礼><礼记>》，史学史研究，1989年第三期。</span></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br></span></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-style-id="24684" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="margin-left:30px;margin-right:auto;width:4em;background-color:#fefefe;transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-ms-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);"><br></p><section style="margin-top: -15px;border-bottom: 1px solid #7198b3;border-top: 1px solid #7198b3;border-right-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-right-color: #7198b3;border-left-color: #7198b3;padding: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="letter-spacing: 2px;text-align: left;"><span style="margin: 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