《左传》交流笔记4:《春秋左传序》[3]
<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-paragraph-type="ignored" mpa-from-tpl="t" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 11px;height: 16px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: -7.1px;margin-bottom: -5.1px;align-self: flex-end;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-id="93459" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(104, 201, 191);border-left: 1px solid rgb(104, 201, 191);width: 100px;height: 14px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="color: #3f3f3f;font-size: 14px;text-align: justify;padding:0em 0.8em;letter-spacing:1.5px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>小tips:</strong></span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration: underline;"><strong>原文:下划线。</strong></span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 41, 65);"><strong>红色:重要的、喜欢的。</strong></span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 128, 255);"><strong>蓝色:自己的看法。</strong></span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 209, 0);"><strong>绿色:不懂的、有争议的。</strong></span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 172, 213);"><strong>粉色:原来不懂,但是现在懂了。</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="text-align:right;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(104, 201, 191);border-right: 1px solid rgb(104, 201, 191);width: 100px;height: 14px;display: inline-block;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p><br></p></section></section><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>《春秋左传序》 杜预</strong></span></p><p><br></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-family:宋体;">自此至</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">非例也</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,辩说传之三体。</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(十九)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">其发凡以言例,皆经国之常制,周公之垂法,史书之旧章。仲尼从而脩之,以成一经之通体。</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>自此至“非例也”,辩说传之三体。此一段说旧发例也,言发凡五十皆是周公旧法。(发凡正例)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">2.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">孔颖达反驳了先儒说“丘明以意作传,仲尼之经的凡例没有新旧”,而认为杜预是在说凡例从古至今都有,只不过到了周朝,周公正凡例而已。即孔颖达所说“以是故知发凡言例,皆是周公垂法、史书旧章,仲尼从而脩之,以成一经之通体也。”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">3.</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">发凡之体,凡有二条:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">一是特为策书;一是兼载国事。特为策书者,凡告以名则书之类是也。兼载国事者,凡嫁女于敌国之类是也。虽为国事,但他书有者,亦不在凡例</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">4.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,112,192);font-size:14px;">这个部分可以看杜预的《春秋释例》。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,112,192);font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">其微显阐幽,裁成义类者,皆据旧例而发义,指行事以正褒贬。</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>此下尽“曲而畅之”,说新意也。(新意变例)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">2. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">微其显事:</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">(1)</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">善事显者:</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">A. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">秦晋崤之战。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">《春秋》:“冬,晋人、宋人、陈人、郑人伐秦。”杜预注曰:四人皆卿。秦穆悔过,终用孟明,故贬四国大夫以尊秦伯。正义曰:四国大夫,传皆称名氏,是四人皆卿也。秦穆悔过,终用孟明,仲尼特善其事,无辞可以寄文,故贬四国大夫称“人”,所以尊崇秦德。</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">以诸侯之名无所可加,贬大夫以尊秦,大夫非有罪也。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">襄八年邢丘之会,晋悼霸功既就,德立刑行,贬诸侯之卿以尊晋侯,其事与此同也。《释例》曰:“秦伯终用孟明而致败,败而罪已,赦其阙而养其志,孟明增修其德,以霸西戎。夫子嘉之,故於伐秦之役贬四国大夫。四国大夫奉君命而行,今以一义变例,故称‘尊秦’,谓之崇德,明罪不在四国大夫也。”</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2</span>)恶事显者:</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">A.</span>贬“诸侯城缘陵”。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;">“<span style="font-family:宋体;">春,诸侯城缘陵</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,而迁杞焉。不书其人,有阙也。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>杜预:</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">阙,谓器用不具,城池未固而去,为惠不终也。澶渊之会,既而无归,大夫不书,而国别称人,今此总曰诸侯,君臣之辞,不言城杞,杞未迁也。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">/</span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">正义曰:今此总云</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">诸侯城缘陵</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,不言某侯某侯,与城邢文异,不具书其所城之人,为其有阙也</span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">。知阙为器用不具,城池不固而去,为惠不终,故总言诸侯以讥之。凡诸侯盟会,不历序其人,总言诸侯者,皆是讥之辞。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">文十五年诸侯盟于扈,传曰:</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">书曰诸侯,无能为也。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">十七年诸侯会于扈,传曰:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">书曰诸侯,无功也。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">是其总言诸侯,皆讥辞也。十六年会于淮,传称:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">城鄫,役人病,不果城而还。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">亦是为惠不终,而淮会具书其人者,淮之会为谋鄫,且东略,非为城鄫而聚会,既会之后,乃欲城鄫而不果,本意不城鄫,无可贬也。先儒以为诸侯有过,贬而称人。杜据澶渊之会与此传文,知诸侯之贬,不至称人。故《释例》曰:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">传灭入例,卫侯毁灭邢,同姓故名。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">又云:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">穀伯绥、邓侯吾离来朝,名,贱之也。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">又云:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不书蔡许之君,乘楚车也,谓之失位。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">此皆诸侯贬之例,例不称人也。</span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">诸侯在事,传有明文,而经称人者,凡十一条,丘明不示其义,而诸儒皆据案生意,原无所出。贬诸侯而去爵称人,是为君臣同文,非正等差之谓也。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">又澶渊大夫之会,传曰</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">不书其人</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,案经皆去名称人;至诸侯亲城缘陵,传亦曰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不书其人</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,而经总称诸侯,此大夫及诸侯经、传所以为别也。通校《春秋》,</span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">自宣公五年以下百数十年,诸侯之咎甚多,而皆无贬称人者,益明此盖当时告命注记之异,非仲尼所以为例故也。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">}</span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">B.</span>叔孙豹违命。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">叔孙曰:</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">邾、滕,人之私也。我,列国也,何故视之?宋、卫,吾匹也。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">乃盟。故不书其族,言违命也。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>杜预:</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">季孙专政於国,鲁君非得有命。今君唯以此命告豹,豹宜崇大顺以显弱命之君,而遂其小是,故贬之。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">/</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">正义曰:季孙专政於国,鲁君非得有命。此以公命,非公可知,叔孙亦知非公命,故不肯从之。其实叔孙违命,止违季孙意耳。但季孙假以公命谓之,叔孙虽内知非公,而其辞称公,即须从命。叔孙既得此命,宜应内自思省,我君由来无命,今君唯以此命命我,事虽非理,亦宜听从。如是则敬君之情深矣。豹宜崇此大顺之道以显弱命之君,而乃校计公言是非,不肯同於小国。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">遂其小是以忘大顺,故贬之。此义至妙,唯杜始得之矣。</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">贾逵云:</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">叔孙义也,鲁疾之非也。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">服虔云:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">叔孙欲尊鲁国,不为人私,虽以违命见贬,其於尊国之义得之。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">案经去其族,是文贬也。传言</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">违命</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,是实恶也。贾、服违经反传,背左氏,异孔子</span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">。孔子贬之,贾逵赏之。丘明言其</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">违命</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,服虔善其尊国,是不以丘明之言解《左传》,不以孔子之意说《春秋》也。</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">}</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">3.</span>阐其幽理:若晋赵盾、郑归生、楚比陈乞及许大子止,皆非亲弑其君,是其罪幽隐,孔子脩经加“弑”,使罪状宣露,是阐幽也。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">4.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">左丘明为什么在传里“说新意”?孔颖达认为是因为“丘明作传,其有微经之显、阐经之幽,以裁制成其义理比类者,皆据旧典凡例而起发经义,指其人行事是非,以正经之褒贬。”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">5.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,112,192);font-size:14px;">孔颖达认为,这里主要讨论的是左丘明作传的问题,而不是经的问题,贺沈诸儒因为没有看清上下文而理解错了杜预的想法。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,112,192);font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十一)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">诸称</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">先书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">故书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不言</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">不称</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">书曰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">之类,皆所以起新旧,发大义,谓之变例。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. 上既言据旧例而发义,故更指发义之条,诸传之所称“书”“不书”“先书”“故书”“不言”“不称”及“书曰”七者之类,皆所以起新旧之例,令人知发凡是旧,七者是新,发明经之大义,谓之变例。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">2. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">“凡”是正例,而这七者是变例</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">,类似于《诗经》的变风变雅。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">3. </span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">杜预第一次认识到“变例”</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4. 七个变例的例子。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">5. 孔颖达认为,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80);font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">还当有“追书”、“言”、“称”的变例。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">一方面孔认为杜不说“言”和“称”是有理由的,但是以理而论之,“言”、“称”也应当是新意。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十二)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">然亦有史所不书,即以为义者,此盖《春秋》新意,故传不言</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">凡</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,曲而畅之也。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>此说因旧为新也。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2.</span><strong>变例的含义</strong>:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3. </span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">除了上述七个变例之外的《春秋》新意:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">改其旧史和史所不书的内容。在这样的情况下,传不言“凡”。因此孔颖达说:“举一凡而事同者,诸理尽见,是其直也;不言凡而每事发传,是其曲畅。”</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">4. 宣公十年“夏,齐惠公卒。崔杼有宠於惠公,高、国畏其逼也,高、国二家,齐正卿。公卒而逐之,奔卫。书曰“崔氏”,非其罪也;且告以族,不以名。”。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>杜预:典策之法,告者皆当书以名,今齐特以族告,夫子因而存之,以示无罪。又言“且告以族,不以名”者,明《春秋》有因而用之,不皆改旧。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">/</span>孔:传既云“书曰崔氏”,以明非罪;复云“且告以族,不以名”。知典策之书,旧当以名通也。齐国虽缪以族告,適合仲尼所褒之实,因而不革,以示无罪,且明《春秋》之作,或因仍旧史成文,不必皆有改也?<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,112,192);font-size:14px;">这里是说孔子在修《春秋》的时候,按照典策之法,应当说出崔氏的名字,但是孔子没说出崔氏的名字,是为了要说明崔杼无罪,这就是孔子自己创造的新意,而不是旧史的凡例。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,112,192);font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十三)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">其经无义例,因行事而言,则传直言其归趣而已,非例也。</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>此一段说经无义例者。(归趣非例)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2.</span>此类最多。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">自此辩说</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">“为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">例之</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">五</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">情</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">”</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family: 宋体;">。</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十四)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">故发传之体有三,而为例之情有五。</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">1.</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">传体有三,即上文发凡正例、新意变例、归趣非例是也。为例之情有五,则下文“五曰”是也。</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2.{</span>孔:称古典则立凡以显之,释变例则随辞以赞之。杜言甚明,尚不能悟,其为暗也,不亦甚乎!<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;">“杜言甚明,尚不能悟,其为暗也,不亦甚乎!”这里是孔颖达在讽刺看不懂杜预的话的人吗?(捂脸笑)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;color:rgb(0,176,80);font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十五)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">一曰:</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">微而显</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,文见於此,而起义在彼。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">称族,尊君命;舍族,尊夫人</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">梁亡</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">城缘陵</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">之类是也。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>“文见於此”,谓彼注云“辞微而义显”也。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;">2. </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">三个辞微而义显的例子</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">:</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1</span>)成公十四年“称族,尊君命;舍族,尊夫人”<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:出称叔孙,举其荣名,所以尊君命也;入舍叔孙,替其尊称,所以尊夫人也。族自卿家之族,称舍别有所尊。是文见於此而起义在彼。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2</span>)僖公十九年“梁亡”。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:“梁亡”,是秦亡之也,传曰“不书其主,自取之也”。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span>梁是被秦所亡,自取的结果,因此不说被哪个国家亡的。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">3</span>)“城缘陵”<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:传曰:“不书其人,有阙也。”<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十六)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">二曰</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">志而晦</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,约言示制,推以知例。参会不地、与谋曰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">及</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">之类是也。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>彼注云“志,记也。晦,亦微也。谓约言以记事,事叙而文微”。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">2.</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">两国参会,那么“以地致”,三国参会,“以会致”。</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:桓公二年“公及戎盟于唐。冬,公至自唐”。传例曰“特相会,往来称地,让事也。自参以上,则往称地,来称会,成事也”。其意言会必有主,二人共会,则莫肯为主,两相推让,会事不成,故以地致。三国以上,则一人为主,二人听命,会事有成,故以会致。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">3.</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">及:同志之国。会:不得已而相会合。</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:宣七年“公会齐侯伐莱”。传例曰“凡师出,与谋曰及,不与谋曰会”。其意言同志之国,共行征伐,彼与我同谋计议,议成而后出师,则以相连及为文。彼不与我谋,不得已而往应命,则以相会合为文。此二事者,义之所异,在於一字。约少其言,以示法制,推寻其事,以知其例。是所记事有叙,而其文晦微也。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十七)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">三曰</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">婉而成章</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,曲从义训,以示大顺。诸所讳辟,璧假许田之类是也。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>彼注云“婉,曲也。谓屈曲其辞,有所辟讳,以示大顺,而成篇章”。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2.</span>两个例子:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1</span>)<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:僖十六年,公会诸侯于淮,未归而取项,齐人以为讨而止公。十七年,九月,得释始归。讳执止之耻,辟而不言,经乃书“公至自会”。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2</span>)郑加璧以易许田。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十八)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">四曰</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">尽而不汙</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,直书其事,具文见意。丹楹刻桷、天王求车、齐侯献捷之类是也。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>彼注云:“谓直言其事,尽其事实,无所汙曲”。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2.</span>三个例子:丹楹刻桷、天王求车、齐侯献捷。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:礼制,宫庙之饰,楹不丹,桷不刻。礼,诸侯不贡车服,天子不私求财。礼,诸侯不相遗俘。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">}</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(二十九)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">五曰</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">惩恶而劝善</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,求名而亡,欲盖而章。书齐豹</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">盗</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、三叛人名之类是也。</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">1. 彼注云“善名必书,恶名不灭,所以为惩劝”。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:14px;">2. </span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">盗者</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">,贱人有罪之称也。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3. 两个例子:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(1)书齐豹“盗”。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">(2)三叛人名。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">(三十)</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">推此五体,以寻经、传,触类而长之。附于二百四十二年行事,王道之正,人伦之纪备矣。</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1.</span>上云“情有五”,此言“五体”者,言其意谓之情,指其状谓之体,体情一也,故互见之。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">2.</span>进一步总结了这“为例之五情”。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;">3.<strong>微而显排在第一,惩恶劝善排在最后的原因:</strong>但劝戒缓者,在微而显之条;贬责切者,在惩恶劝善之例,故微而显居五例之首,惩恶劝善在五例之末。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 128, 255);">这五种为例方法真的是很有意思,表现了当时人们的某些思想,可以再思考思考。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-size:14px;">4. <span style="font-family:宋体;">从首至此,说经、传理毕,故以此言结之。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><span style="font-size:14px;">5. <strong>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">触类而长之</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 宋体;">是</span><span style="text-align: start;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;">指掌握一类事物知识或规律,就能据此而增长同类事物知识。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">{</span>孔:</span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体;">十年经亦书</span>“<span style="font-family:宋体;">翚帅师</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,传虽不言</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">书曰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">故书</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,是知与上同为新意。又隐元年传</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">曰</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">‘</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">仪父</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">’</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,贵之也</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,则桓十七年云</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">仪父</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;">,亦是贵之是也。</span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: Times New Roman;">}</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0;text-indent: 0;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 0px;text-indent: 0px;text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 10px;">作者:不确定uncertain</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0px;text-indent: 0px;text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 10px;">编辑:不确定uncertain</span></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg4MzUyMTcwNQ==&mid=2247483670&idx=1&sn=7526efbaf42d31d0aa391b5ba44a93ce&chksm=cf4760d0f830e9c62cfe6e7602e779a4779e2a94c8d556815cb37a9a170a0e051f8cd6a2d26b&scene=21#wechat_redirect" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" hasload="1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);cursor: pointer;">《左传》交流会用书</a>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;">包括:</span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.杨伯峻. 《春秋左传注》(修订本). 中华书局. 1990年版<br></span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(87, 107, 149);font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.</span><span style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">沈玉成.《左传译文》. 中华书局.1981年版</span></span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3.</span><span style="text-align: left;">李学勤主编.《十三经注疏·春秋左传正义》. 北京大学出版社. 1999年版</span></span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="text-align: left;">4.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;">《春秋左传集解》.上海人民出版社. 1977年版(此版是在四部丛刊宋刻本《春秋经传集解》底本的基础上点校的)</span></span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;">5.杜预注. 四部丛刊本[再造善本]《春秋经传集解》(中缝切,书签全,据中国上海图书馆藏宋刻本影印)</span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="text-align: left;">6.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;">童书业. 《春秋左传研究》. 上海人民出版社</span></span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;">7.孔颖达注.《春秋左传注疏》.日本东京大学东洋文化研究所藏明崇祯11年古虞毛氏汲古阁本</span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="text-align: left;">8.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;">杜预注.《春秋经传集解》. 明嘉靖时期覆刻元相台岳氏刊本</span></span></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(113, 178, 198, 0.25);line-height: normal;"><span style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;">9.吴楚材、吴调侯. 《解题汇评古文观止》.华东师范大学出版社.2001年版</span></p><p><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;text-align: left;white-space: normal;"><br></strong></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin:8px;padding:10px 0px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-top:1px solid rgb(151, 151, 151);border-right:1px solid rgb(151, 151, 151);border-left:1px solid rgb(151, 151, 151);border-bottom:none;margin-right:10px;height:9px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="border-left:1px solid #979797;border-right:1px solid #979797;padding:0px 9px;line-height:24px;font-size:14px;color:#333333;text-align:justify;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width:10px;height:1px;background-color:#979797;float:right;margin-right:-10px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:10px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(151, 151, 151);" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 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